Opinion
Civil Action 3:09cv214
05-25-2023
ADIB EDDIE RAMEZ MAKDESSI, Petitioner, v. BRYAN WATSON, Respondent
MEMORANDUM OPINION
M. Hannah Lauck United States Judge
Petitioner, Adib Eddie Ramez Makdessi, was convicted in the Circuit Court for the City of Virginia Beach and “is currently serving two life sentences for first-degree murder for the May 14, 1996 killings of Elise Makdessi, his wife, and Quincy Brown, Elise's co-worker at Naval Air Station Oceana” and an additional thirteen years for two firearm crimes. Makdessi v. Watson, 682 F.Supp.2d 633, 636 (E.D. Va. 2010). By Memorandum Opinion and Order entered on February 4,2010, this Court denied Makdessi's petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. See id. at 657; (ECF Nos. 17,18). Thus, this action has been closed since February 4, 2020. Since that time, Makdessi has filed many frivolous attacks on that decision and his underlying convictions.
On June 28, 2010, the Court received from Makdessi a submission entitled “Criminal Complaints & Motion Rule 60(b).” (ECF No. 24.) Despite being labeled, in part, as a motion pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b), the submission appeared to be a copy of a document Makdessi filed with the Court sent to the “Chief Division Counsel, Richmond F.B.I.” and other federal officials that lodged complaints about the criminal process. (ECF No. 24, at 1.) By Memorandum Order entered on July 6, 2010, the Court construed this submission to be Makdessi's attempt to file a criminal complaint and informed Makdessi that it would take no further action on his submission. (ECF No. 25.)
On November 2,2015, the Court received from Makdessi a “MOTION 60(b) Fraud Upon The Court and Fraud Upon The Habeas Court.” (ECF No. 39.) Makdessi listed nine repetitive claims arguing that he is actually innocent of his crimes of conviction and that the prosecution tampered with or “covered-up” purportedly exculpatory evidence. (See, e.g, ECF No. 39, at i.) Despite labeling his motion as a Rule 60(b) Motion, Makdessi continued to attack his state convictions. By Memorandum Opinion and Order entered on June 16, 2016, the Court dismissed the Rule 60(b) Motion as a successive, unauthorized 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition. (ECF Nos. 46,47.)
On June 26, 2017, the Court received from Makdessi a “Motion Rule 60(d)(1) and (d)(3),” in which he purported to “invok[e] this Court's jurisdiction... for fraud upon the initial federal habeas court and grave miscarriage of justice.” (ECF No. 57, at l.) Makdessi once again listed eleven “frauds” that, in essence, assert his innocence, and argues that the prosecution “deliberate[ly] cover[ed]-up ... exculpatory evidence.” (ECF No. 57 at 4,5-16.) Despite labeling the motion as one brought pursuant to Rule 60(d), Makdessi again attacked his state convictions. The Court treated the Rule 60(d) Motion as a successive § 2254 petition and dismissed the action without prejudice.
The Court corrects the capitalization in quotations from Makdessi's submissions. The Court employs the pagination assigned by the CM/ECF docketing system for citations to Makdessi's cited motions.
One June 15, 2020, the Court received a “MOTION RULE 60(b)(6) & 60(D)(3) FRAUD UPON INITIAL HABEAS COURT.” (ECF No. 75.) By Memorandum Opinion and Order entered on November 17, 2020, the Court treated the motion as a successive § 2254 petition and dismissed the action without prejudice. (ECF Nos. 76, 77.) The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit affirmed. (ECF No. 82.)
Three months after the Fourth Circuit dismissed his appeal, on October 21, 2021, Makdessi filed yet another “Motion Rule 60(b)(6),” (ECF No. 86), with a variety of supplements, (ECF Nos. 89-92, 94). By Memorandum Opinion and Order entered on March 23, 2022, the Court denied the motion because it lacked merit and was untimely. See Makdessi v. Watson, No. 3:09 CV214,2022 WL 874318, at *1-4 (E.D. Va. Mar. 23, 2022). The Fourth Circuit dismissed Makdessi's appeal. (ECF No. 99.)
The Court corrects the capitalization in quotations from Makdessi's submissions and removes extraneous brackets and quotation marks. The Court employs the pagination assigned by the CM/ECF docketing system for citations to Makdessi's submissions.
Less than one month after the Fourth Circuit dismissed his appeal, Makdessi filed his newest attack, a “MOTION RULE 60(b)(6) & (D)(1) Grave Miscarriage of Justice” (“Rule 60(b)(6) Motion”). (ECF No. 102.) As discussed below, it appears that the Rule 60(b) Motion raises nearly identical arguments to those addressed in the March 23, 2022 Memorandum Opinion and Order.
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(6) permits a court to grant relief for “any other reason that justifies relief.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(b)(6). Rule 60(d)(1) simply explains that Rule 60(b) “does not limit a court's power to ... entertain an independent action to relieve a party from judgment, order, or proceeding.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(d)(1). Although for ease of reference, the Court names the current motion as one brought under Rule 60(b)(6), the Court also addresses Rule 60(d)(1) in Part ILD.
L Relevant Law
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b) allows a court to “relieve a party ... from a final judgment, order, or proceeding.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(b). It is an extraordinary remedy requiring a showing of exceptional circumstances. Mayfield v. Nat'l Ass 'n for Stock Car Auto Racing, Inc., 674 F.3d 369, 378 (4th Cir. 2012) (citing Ackermann v. United States, 340 U.S. 193, 202 (1950)). The party seeking relief under Rule 60(b) “must make a threshold showing of timeliness, ‘a meritorious claim or defense,' and lack of unfair prejudice to the opposing party.” Coleman v. Jabe, 633 F. App'x. 119,120 (4th Cir. 2016) (quoting Aikens v. Ingram, 652 F.3d 496, 501 (4th Cir. 2011)). A party must also demonstrate “exceptional circumstances.” Dowell v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Auto. Ins. Co., 993 F.2d 46,48 (4th Cir. 1993) (quoting Werner v. Carbo, 731 F.2d 204, 207 (4th Cir. 1984)). After a party satisfies this threshold showing, “he [or she] then must satisfy one of the six specific sections of Rule 60(b).” Id. (quoting Werner, 731 F.2d at 207).
Makdessi relies on Rule 60(b)(6) and 60(d)(1) to bring this motion. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(6) permits a court to grant relief for “any other reason that justifies relief.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(b)(6). Rule 60(b)(6) requires that the movant “show ‘extraordinary circumstances' justifying the reopening of a final judgment.” Shanklin v. Seals, No. 3:07cv319, 2011 WL 2470119, at *2 (E.D. Va. June 21, 2011) (quoting Gonzalez v. Crosby, 545 U.S. 524, 535 (2005)). As pertinent here, courts have held that “[i]ntervening developments in the law by themselves rarely constitute the extraordinary circumstances required for relief under Rule 60(b)(6).” Agostini v. Felton, 521 U.S. 203,239 (1997).
Rule 60(d)(1) explains that Rule 60(b) “does not limit a court's power to ... entertain an independent action to relieve a party from judgment, order, or proceeding.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(d)(1). Rule 60(d)(1) relief “is available only if required to prevent a grave miscarriage of justice.” Matthews, Wilson & Matthews, Inc. v. Cap'l City Bank, 614 Fed. App'x 969, 972 (11th Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted) (citations omitted).
II. Analysis
In his most recent Rule 60(b)(6) Motion, Makdessi seeks to reopen his habeas claims “2(A)(iii) & 7” because both claims were found to be procedurally defaulted and Makdessi believes they should be reopened and addressed on the merits. (ECF No. 102, at 1.) With respect to Claim 2(A)(iii), Makdessi contends that the claim should be reviewed on the merits because of the alleged impermissible use of race at trial, fraud, and because counsel was ineffective for not objecting to these errors. (ECF No. 102, at 1-4.) With respect to Claim 7, Makdessi suggests that the Court erred “by dismissing initial habeas Claim 7 without any adjudication on the merits.” (ECF No. 102, at 8.) Makdessi also vaguely suggests that he is entitled to relief under Rule 60(d)(1) but fails to explain why.
A. Buck v. Davis
First, Makdessi once again seemingly asserts that Buck v. Davis, 580 U.S. 100 (2017), allows this Court to review the amount of deference this Court should have accorded the state habeas court's determination of his Claim 2(A)(iii). (ECF No. 102, at 1-4.) As the Court explained previously in rejecting a claim pursuant to Buck:
The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit aptly summarized Buck as follows:
In that case, Buck sought federal habeas relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254, contending that his trial counsel's introduction of expert testimony reflecting the view that his race predisposed him to violent conduct violated his Sixth Amendment right to counsel. His claim, however, was procedurally defaulted under Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722,111 S.Ct. 2546,115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991). Thereafter, the Supreme Court issued Martinez .... modifying the Coleman rule. Following [Martinez], Buck sought to reopen his § 2254 case under Rule 60(b). The district court denied his motion. The Supreme Court, however, concluded that the district court abused its discretion in denying the motion because “extraordinary circumstances” existed. First, “Buck may have been sentenced to death in part because of his race.” Id. at 778. Second, Buck's underlying ineffective-assistance claim was race-based and “injure[d] not just the defendant, but ‘the law as an institution,... the community at large, and... the democratic ideal reflected in the processes of our courts.'” Id. (quoting Rose v. Mitchell, 443 U.S. 545, 556, 99 S.Ct. 2993, 61 L.Ed.2d 739 (1979)). Third, the case's extraordinary nature was confirmed by the State's refusal to confess error in Buck's case, despite admitting error in similar cases. Id.
Davis v. Kelley, 855 F.3d 833, 835-36 (8th Cir. 2017) (second alteration in original).
Like the petitioner in Davis, Makdessi “has failed to present extraordinary circumstances mirroring those demonstrated in Buck.” Id. at 836. “Buck focused on the race-based nature of the case and its far reaching impact on the community by the prospect of a defendant having been sentenced to death because of his race. These extraordinary facts have no application to the present case.” Id. Moreover, unlike the petitioner in Buck, the Court reviewed and dismissed Claims l(B)(ix) and 9(a)(iii) of Makdessi's § 2254 petition on the merits and they were not dismissed because of a procedural default. Makdessi, 682 F.Supp.2d at 655-56. Makdessi fails to identify any intervening change in the law that would indicate that the dismissal of his claims on the merits was incorrect, or that any extraordinary circumstances exist in his case. Accordingly, Buck fails to entitle Makdessi to any relief under Rule 60(b)(6).Makdessi v. Watson, No. 3:09CV214,2022 WL 874318, at *2-3 (E.D. Va. Mar. 23, 2022).
In Claim 2(A)(iii), Makdessi argued that the prosecutor committed misconduct by allowing allegedly perjurious testimony. See Makdessi v. Watson, 682 F.Supp.2d 633, 649 (E.D. Va. 2010). The Court dismissed this claim as barred from review on federal habeas. See id. at 651. As explained in the prior opinion, Makdessi “has failed to present extraordinary circumstances mirroring those demonstrated in Buck.” Davis, 855 F.3d at 836. Thus, once again, Buck fails to entitle Makdessi to any Rule 60(b)(6) relief.
B. Trevino v. Thaler
Second, Makdessi vaguely suggests that the Court's dismissal of Claim 7 as defaulted and barred from review was incorrect in light of Trevino v. Thaler, 569 U.S. 413 (2013). (ECF No. 102, at 5-8.) Much like his previous challenge under Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1 (2012), (see ECF No. 95, at 5-6), Makdessi's challenge under Trevino makes little sense. “The decision in Martinez [and its progeny, like Trevino] ‘relates to excusing a procedural default of ineffective-trial-counsel claims in an initial § 2254 petition.'” Ward v. Clarke, No. 3:14CV11-HEH, 2014 WL 5795691, at *3 (E.D. Va. Nov. 6, 2014) (quoting Lambrix v. Sec'y, Fla. Dep't Corr., 756 F.3d 1246,1260 (11th Cir. 2014)). The Supreme Court of Virginia found Claim 7 was barred from review in his state habeas petition because Makdessi failed to raise it on direct appeal. Makdessi, 682 F.Supp.2d at 651. Thus, this Court determined that the claim was also barred from review on federal habeas because of the procedural bar in state court. Id. (citations omitted). However, Makdessi argued that his appellate counsel was the cause for the default of these claims. Id. To the extent Makdessi suggests that Martinez and Trevino somehow excuse his default, he is incorrect because the Supreme Court made clear that while Martinez applies to initial-review collateral proceedings, it “does not concern attorney errors in other kinds of proceedings.” Martinez, 566 U.S. at 16 (citation omitted); see Davila, 582 U.S. at 525 (refusing to extend Martinez and Trevino to errors of appellate counsel). Thus, Martinez, and its progeny, Trevino, are inapplicable here.
In Trevino, the Supreme Court clarified that the exception in Martinez applies both where state law explicitly prohibits prisoners from bringing claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel on direct appeal and where the State's “procedural framework, by reason of its design and operation, makes it unlikely in a typical case that a defendant will have a meaningful opportunity to raise” the claim on direct appeal. Davila v. Davis, 582 U.S. 521, 529 (2017) (citation omitted).
More importantly, although the Court found Claim 7 was defaulted because Makdessi failed to raise it on direct appeal, the Court subsequently analyzed whether appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise this and other claims on direct appeal. The Court found that there was no ineffective assistance of appellate counsel and dismissed Claims 6,7, and 9. Makdessi, 682 F.Supp.2d at 656. Once again, it is unclear why Makdessi believes Trevino or Martinez has any bearing on these claims. Nevertheless, no need exists to ascertain Makdessi's exact theories for relief because, as explained below, his Rule 60(b)(6) Motion is untimely no matter the claim.
Even if a Martinez-type error existed, which it clearly does not, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit has concluded that the decision in Martinez is not an extraordinary circumstance warranting reliefunder Rule 60(b)(6). Moses v. Joyner, 815 F.3d endorse a fundamental miscarriage of justice.” (ECF No. 102, at 1.) The Court also fails to discern how McQuiggin applies in this context. McQuiggin held that an actual innocence exception could overcome a statutory time bar contained in 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(D). 569 U.S. at 398. Makdessi's § 2254 petition was not dismissed as untimely. Even so, the decision in McQuiggin is not an extraordinary circumstance justifying Rule 60(b)(6) relief. See Tamayo v. Steohens. 740 F.3d 986.990 (5th Cir. 2014).
C. The Rule 60(b)(6) Motion is Untimely
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(c)(1), Makdessi was required to file his motion within a reasonable time after the entry of the February 4,2010 Memorandum Opinion and Order. Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(c)(1) (“A motion under Rule 60(b) must be made within a reasonable time-and for reasons (1), (2), and (3) no more than a year after the entry of the judgment or order or the date of the proceeding.”). Makdessi's Rule 60(b)(6) Motion, filed more than twelve years after the entry of the challenged judgment, was not filed in a reasonable time. See McLawhorn v. John W. Daniel & Co., Inc., 924 F.2d 535, 538 (4th Cir. 1991) (“We have held on several occasions that a Rule 60(b) motion is not timely brought when it is made three to four months after the original judgment and no valid reason is given for the delay.” (citing Cent. Operating Co. v. Utility Workers of Am., 491 F.2d 245 (4th Cir. 1974); Consol. Masonry & Fireproofing, Inc. v. Wagman Constr. Corp., 383 F.2d 249 (4th Cir. 1967))). Accordingly, Makdessi's Rule 60(b)(6) Motion is also untimely.
Makdessi also indicates that he relies on Rule 60(d)(1). Rule 60(d)(1) authorizes the Court to “entertain an independent action to relieve a party from judgment, order or proceeding.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(d)(1). Makdessi has not filed an independent action; thus, he may not proceed pursuant to Rule 60(d)(1) in this motion. If Makdessi wishes to file a motion pursuant to Rule 60(d)(1), the motion will be filed as a new civil action. Even so, Rule 60(d)(1) relief “is available only if required to prevent a grave miscarriage of justice.” Matthews, Wilson & Matthews, Inc. v. Cap 'I City Bank, 614 Fed, App'x 969, 972 (11th Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted) (citations omitted). Despite using the phrase several times, Makdessi fails to demonstrate that any grave miscarriage of justice occurred in conjunction with his postconviction proceedings. Accordingly, any claim for relief under Rule 60(d)(1) will also be DENIED.
III. Conclusion
Makdessi's Rule 60(b)(6) Motion will be DENIED because he has failed to show any extraordinary circumstance exists and because it is untimely. (ECF No. 102.) Makdessi's request for relief under Rule 60(d)(1) will also be DENIED. Makdessi's Motion for an Evidentiary Hearing, (ECF No. 105), and Motion for Appointment of Counsel, (ECF No. 106), will be DENIED. A certificate of appealability will be DENIED.
An appeal may not be taken from the final order in a § 2254 proceeding unless a judge issues a certificate of appealability. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(A). A certificate of appealability will not issue unless a prisoner makes “a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). This requirement is satisfied only when "reasonable jurists could debate whether (or, for that matter, agree that) the petition should have been resolved in a different manner or that the issues presented were ‘adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further.'” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000) (quoting Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880, 893 & n.4 (1983)). Because Makdessi fails to satisfy this standard, a certificate of appealability will be DENIED.
An appropriate Final Order shall issue. .