Opinion
February 11, 1992
Appeal from the Supreme Court, New York County (Michael J. Dontzin, J.).
The complaint, as expanded by plaintiff's bill of particulars, alleges that on December 19, 1987, at about 1:00 A.M., decedent Issaka Zango experienced chest pains; that Emergency Medical Service personnel were delayed by the lack of an operable elevator and required to negotiate six flights of stairs to remove decedent from the building; that defendant's negligence in inspecting, repairing and maintaining the elevator deprived decedent of "a safe, timely and atraumatic egress from his apartment to hospital"; that, as a result, decedent sustained injury; that plaintiff's decedent expired at Mount Sinai Hospital at 3:30 A.M.; and that the cause of death was cardiac arrest. The complaint seeks damages for conscious pain and suffering and wrongful death.
Defendant Horizon's obligation to repair and maintain the elevator arises from its contract with defendant Fifth Avenue Development Corporation, the owner of the building. As we understand it, plaintiff's theory is that recovery is warranted because Horizon's performance of its contractual obligations induced detrimental reliance by decedent that elevator service would continue to be available. Plaintiff urges, in effect, that Horizon should be held liable for its failure to supply a service, the lack of which impeded an effective response to the emergency situation precipitated by decedent's heart attack. So stated, the case is indistinguishable from Moch Co. v. Rensselaer Water Co. ( 247 N.Y. 160) in which a fire at plaintiff's warehouse could not be extinguished because the defendant, under contract with the City to supply water to fire hydrants, failed to provide water in adequate quantity and pressure. The Court of Appeals declined to impose liability upon either a contract or a tort theory, holding that the plaintiff was merely an incidental beneficiary of the contract and beyond the zone of duty which arose from defendant's performance of its obligations thereunder. More recently in Eaves Brooks Costume Co. v. Y.B.H. Realty Corp. ( 76 N.Y.2d 220), the court held that a tenant which sustained loss as the result of a malfunctioning sprinkler system was beyond the orbit of duty arising under contracts with the building's owner for the inspection and monitoring of that system. There, as here, "the proper inquiry is simply whether the defendant has assumed a duty to exercise reasonable care to prevent foreseeable harm to the plaintiff" (76 N.Y.2d, supra, at 226).
It is clear that defendant Horizon would not be liable for injuries sustained by someone who slipped and fell on the stairs because the elevator which it serviced was inoperative (Morales v. P.S. Elevator, 167 A.D.2d 520). Here, the injuries sustained by plaintiff's decedent arose not from his use of the stairs, which is a reasonably foreseeable consequence of an inoperable elevator, but from the onset of a heart attack. Decedent is well beyond the zone of duty arising out of defendant's performance of its obligations under the subject contract, and to impose liability in these circumstances would abrogate "the responsibility of courts, in fixing the orbit of duty, `to limit the legal consequences of wrongs to a controllable degree' * * * and to protect against crushing exposure to liability" (Strauss v. Belle Realty Co., 65 N.Y.2d 399, 402, quoting Tobin v Grossman, 24 N.Y.2d 609, 619).
Concur — Wallach, J.P., Kupferman, Ross, Asch and Rubin, JJ.