Opinion
No. 220285.
Submitted October 18, 2000, at Detroit.
Decided January 26, 2001, at 9:05 a.m. Updated March 16, 2001
Appeal from WCAC, LC No. 95-000335.
Glotta, Skutt Associates, P.C. (by Ronald D. Glotta), for the plaintiff.
Galbraith Booms (by Raymond A. Booms), for the defendants.
Amicus Curiae:
Sachs, Waldman, O'Hare, Helveston, Bogas McIntosh, P.C. (by Ronald R. Helveston and Granner S. Ries), for the Michigan Professional Fire Fighters Union.
Before: Bandstra, C.J., and Saad and Meter, JJ.
This case has been remanded by our Supreme Court for consideration as on leave granted. Defendants appeal a decision entered on December 22, 1997 by the Worker's Compensation Appellate Commission (WCAC) reversing the decision of the magistrate and awarding benefits to plaintiff. The WCAC decision was based on Schave v Dept of State Police, 58 Mich. App. 178; 227 N.W.2d 278 (1975). The remand order asks us to consider whether Schave correctly interpreted the presumption of work relatedness found in MCL 418.405(2); MSA 17.237(405)(2) (Section 405). We conclude that Schave was wrongly decided and we reverse the decision of the WCAC.
Plaintiff works as a police officer for defendant Bloomfield Township. By petition filed on October 8, 1990, plaintiff claimed that unusual job stress resulted in aggravation of cardiovascular problems. At trial, plaintiff testified that his job involved considerable stress, and identified two specific incidents that he claimed led to or aggravated his cardiovascular problems. On January 1, 1989 he was required to train a new partner. On that same day, he was required to patrol a larger area due to an equipment shortage. During the day, plaintiff experienced a dull ache in his chest. The next day he was admitted to the hospital and was diagnosed as having suffered a heart attack.
Plaintiff returned to work on March 6, 1989. He was off work for a month beginning in late March, 1989, after experiencing chest pain during an at-home physical therapy exercise regimen. On April 20, 1990, plaintiff was involved in a high speed chase, resulting in a three day suspension. Plaintiff testified that the suspension made him bitter because his work record had previously been free of disciplinary action. Eventually, the suspension was removed from plaintiff's record. Plaintiff underwent bypass surgery in August, 1990. He returned to work on November 19, 1990, and resumed his regular duties. Plaintiff was working for Bloomfield Township at the time of trial.
The magistrate denied benefits. The magistrate found that the presumption in MCL 418.405(2); MSA 17.237(405)(2) applies in this case. The subsection 405(2) presumption states that certain respiratory and heart diseases or illnesses suffered by police officer and firefighters are deemed to have arisen out of and in the course of employment, "in the absence of evidence to the contrary." The magistrate found that, although plaintiff was entitled to application of the presumption, he was not entitled to benefits because the requisite evidence to the contrary was submitted and the record did not establish that the plaintiff's condition was work-related. The magistrate stated:
Application of the § 405(2) presumption depends on factors related to when physical problems manifest themselves and whether pension benefits have been awarded, none of which are at issue here. See MCL 418.405(1), (3); MSA 17.237(405)(1), (3).
In this case, all of the medical experts deposed and the St. Joseph/Mercy Hospital records . . . indicate that petitioner has heart damage as a result of his heart attacks. Accordingly, Petitioner has met the first prong of the test in Miklik v Michigan Special Machine Co, 415 Mich. 364; 329 N.W.2d 713 (1982).
But, they also indicate that petitioner suffers from a number of risk factors that contributed to his condition, namely his multiple-year duration of hypertension, his elevated cholesterol level and his genetic predilection toward heart disease. Farrington v Total Petroleum Inc, 442 Mich. 201; 501 N.W.2d 76 (1993) requires these factors to be considered as well.
The second prong of the Miklik test noted several examples that courts can follow in evaluating the factors of employment which may be connected to the heart damage. The examples included temporal proximity of the cardiac episodes to the work experience, hot and dusty conditions, repeated return to work after a cardiac episode and mental stress.
Plaintiff's own testimony does not substantiate a finding in accordance with this second prong as it relates to the January 1, 1989 claimed injury date. Plaintiff said unequivocally on cross-examination that the work events on January 1, 1989 were routine not unusual or strenuous, albeit he had a new partner. He said he had a cold or upper respiratory infection for a week prior to January 1, 1989. Also, at trial and in the history to a medical expert he said he had chest pains even before roll call that day and although he left work early that day, he did not go to the hospital until 6:00 or 7:00 a.m. and he was not admitted until 1:00 p.m. This scenario negates a finding that his work contributed to his first heart attack per Miklik and the evaluators for a work-related heart condition outlined by Kostamo v Marquette Iron Mining Co, 405 Mich. 105; 274 N.W.2d 441 (1979).
Further, the treating physician, Dr. Klein based his opinion of a work-related heart disease on general descriptions of stress of job duties as a police offer [sic] rather than specific incidents at work that had temporal proximity to work. Id. In fact, the claimed causal nexus of the August 25, 1990 date alleged was even farther from the April 20, 1990 police chase and subsequent suspension. The incidents are too stretched here to be compensable, particularly, considering the intervening episode in March of 1989, that Plaintiff is not claiming to be work related.
Even if it were conceded that petitioner suffered stress in his employment based on his testimony, a reasonable cause and effect linkage between specific work related incidents or events and the myocardial infarction is not proven, the allegations of stress are of the most general nature, lacking the specificity required by Chadwick v County of Macomb, Sheriffs Department, [1988 WCABO 536] and Miklik, supra. Failing to establish a reasonable causal link with work related events, eliminates a basis for a finding of compensability by this trier of fact pursuant to [MCL 418.301(2); MSA 17.237(301)(2)].
Neither medical expert is especially persuasive in this matter. Plaintiff's expert would have to have been considerably more specific regarding work relationship to compensate for the myriad of the evidence presented that does not support compensability.
The Supreme Court precedent of Farrington, relied upon by the magistrate, construed MCL 418.301(2); MSA 17.237(301)(2), which states in pertinent part that "conditions of the aging process, including but not limited to heart and cardiovascular conditions, shall be compensable if contributed to, aggravated or accelerated by the employment in a significant manner." The magistrate concluded that plaintiff had failed to prove he has a work related heart or cardiovascular condition "using the significant contribution standard or a lesser standard."
Kostamo and Miklik, also relied upon by the magistrate, articulated a standard substantially identical to that found in MCL 418.301(2); MSA 17.237(301)(2) for determining when heart disease would be compensable. See Miklik, supra at 370; Kostamo, supra at 116.
The WCAC reversed the decision of the magistrate and awarded benefits. The WCAC noted that in Schave, supra at 185, this Court interpreted subsection 405(2) as follows:
We therefore interpret the meaning of "evidence to the contrary" in the context of this statute to require that in order to rebut the presumption, the defendant is required to produce evidence of non-work-related causation. The presumption cannot be rebutted merely by evidence of preexisting heart disease, nor by medical opinion that the occupation had no effect on the weakened heart.
The WCAC further noted that Schave has been interpreted so as to require "affirmative proof of nonoccupational causation" or "positive proof of a cause independent of the employment," citing 1A Larson, Workmen's Compensation Law, § 41.72(a)(1), pp 7-664-666 (discussing the presumption and incorporating the reasoning in Schave). The WCAC reasoned that evidence that plaintiff had risk factors for heart disease was insufficient. Defendants' witness, Dr. Gerisch, opined only that plaintiff's employment was not causally related to his heart disease. Under Schave, this opinion was considered insufficient to rebut the presumption.
We agree with the WCAC that, applying Schave, plaintiff was entitled to benefits. However, our task is to consider whether Schave appropriately interpreted the statutory presumption of work relatedness. We conclude that Schave did not.
A presumption is a procedural device that regulates the burden of proceeding with the evidence. State Farm Mut Automobile Ins Co v Allen, 191 Mich. App. 18, 22; 477 N.W.2d 445 (1991).
[A] presumption imposes on the party against whom it is directed the burden of going forward with evidence to rebut or meet the presumption, but does not shift to such party the burden of proof in the sense of the risk of non-persuasion which remains throughout the trial upon the party on whom it was originally cast. MRE 301.
In other words, a presumption is dissipated once substantial evidence is submitted by its opponent. Isabella County Dep't of Social Services v Thompson, 210 Mich. App. 612, 615; 534 N.W.2d 132 (1995). "If, however, there is evidence adduced by the opposing side of the non-existence of the presumed fact, the presumption falls. It serves no further function." Dubin Weissenberger, Michigan Evidence: 1995 Courtroom Manual, p 45.
We presume that the Legislature was aware of the legal impact of a "presumption" when it enacted § 301(2). Walen v Dep't of Corrections, 443 Mich. 240, 248; 505 N.W.2d 519 (1993); see also Gardner v Van Buren Public Schools, 445 Mich. 23, 48; 517 N.W.2d 1 (1994). We thus conclude that the Legislature did not intend that this section would shift the burden of proof to the employer in cases where it applies.
The benefit conferred upon employees by this section, while substantial, is not so far reaching. An employee seeking workers compensation benefits must ordinarily come forward with evidence to show that a physical injury was work related in the sense that it arose out of and in the course of employment. MCL 418.301; MSA 17.237(301). The presumption at issue here removes that initial burden for police and firefighters who can seek benefits merely upon a showing that their physical injuries manifested themselves during their employment in those capacities. However, once the employer comes forward with evidence by which a fact finder might conclude that the physical injury did not result from the employment, i.e., "evidence to the contrary," the presumption has no continuing effect. Whether the police or fire fighter employee has proved that the injury arose out of and in the course of employment is then tested using the same principles applicable to any other employee.
The WCAC apparently understood Schave as shifting the burden of proof of work-relatedness from employees to employers in cases where the statutory presumption applies. The WCAC explicitly concluded that "under Schave, it was error for the magistrate to allow the burden of proof to remain plaintiff's." For the foregoing reasons, this was a misapplication of the presumption. Defendant came forward with evidence that plaintiff's physical problems were not work related, but were instead the result of general risk factors. On the basis of that evidence, a reasonable fact finder could conclude that plaintiff's problems did not arise out of and in the course of work. Thus, plaintiff had the burden of proving that, in fact, they did.
This is the kind of evidence that Schave considered necessarily insufficient to rebut the presumption. We see no such limitation flowing from the statute's use of broad "evidence to the contrary" language.
By not applying Schave, the magistrate here took this correct approach. Accordingly, the WCAC's review of the magistrate's decision should properly have been limited to a determination whether the factual findings made on this question were supported by "competent, material and substantial evidence. . . ." Goff v Bil-Mar Foods (After Remand), 454 Mich. 507, 513; 563 N.W.2d 214 (1997). If they were, "then the WCAC may not substitute its judgment for that of the magistrate notwithstanding either the reasonableness or the adequacy of the commission's conclusion." Id. at 514.
We have carefully reviewed the record in this case as well as the reasoning employed by the magistrate, much of which we have quoted above. We conclude that the magistrate properly applied the special statute applicable in this heart disease case, MCL 418.301(2); MSA 17.237(301)(2), and that she properly analyzed whether plaintiff sustained his burden of proof on work-relatedness under that statute. Further, we conclude that the magistrate's factual determinations were supported by the requisite evidence under Goff. Accordingly, we conclude that the magistrate's decision should not have been reversed by the WCAC and we reinstate the magistrate's decision denying plaintiff benefits.
In light of this decision, we need not consider the other issues raised by defendants on appeal.
We reverse.