Summary
In Poess v. Twelfth Ward Bank, 43 Misc. 45, it was held that a check drawn by a maker, certified by the bank and indorsed by the maker in blank, stolen from the maker before delivery was, nevertheless, valid in the hands of a bona fide holder.
Summary of this case from Schaeffer v. MarshOpinion
February, 1904.
Charles W. Dayton, for appellant.
William Haupt, for respondent.
The action is brought to recover the sum of $500, which plaintiff had on deposit with the defendant.
On or about April 29, 1903, he drew a check upon the defendant bank for the sum of $500, payable to his own order, and caused the same to be certified by the bank. The plaintiff did not use the check until on or about July twenty-ninth, when he took the check out of his safe, where he had kept it, indorsed it in blank and made out a slip for redepositing it in the bank. He then put the bank-book with the check and the slip of deposit in his pocket and went to the bank, but when he arrived at the bank and presented the bank-book to the receiving teller, the check was missing. The receiving teller told him to go over and tell the paying teller that he had lost the check and have payment stopped, and the plaintiff accordingly went to the paying teller and made out a stop-slip check.
About five days afterward the plaintiff received word from the bank that the check had come up through the exchange, and the plaintiff went up to the bank and identified the check. There were two names indorsed on the check below that of the plaintiff. The cashier told the plaintiff to go down and see the last indorser, an Italian banker by the name of Zuccaro, who had deposited the check for collection, and to see if he could get the money back from the banker, and he called a messenger, one Mr. Finnegan, and gave him the check and instructed him to go down with the plaintiff to see Zuccaro. The plaintiff and Finnegan went down to the place of business of Zuccaro, explained the case to him, and the plaintiff asserted that the check had been stolen. The banker then went with the plaintiff and Finnegan to the former residence of the man from whom he received the check, but could not find him. Finnegan then told the banker that the bank held him responsible for the check, and that the banker would have to hold the man from whom he got it, and the banker gave up the $500 to Finnegan, who gave him back the check. The plaintiff thereupon made out a deposit slip and handed it to Finnegan and requested him to deposit the $500 so received from the banker to his, the plaintiff's, account in defendant's bank, and they parted with the understanding that this should be done. The next day the plaintiff went to see the cashier of the bank and was told that the bank could not do anything for the present, and that the plaintiff would have to give a bond in order to get the money, because Zuccaro might sue the bank, but no claim was made that the money had not been redeposited to plaintiff's account.
The relation between the bank and the plaintiff was that of debtor and creditor. The effect of the certification of the check, by the defendant, was to charge plaintiff with $500, pass that amount to the credit of the check, and make the defendant, as acceptor, primarily liable for its payment to any bona fide holder thereof. First National Bank v. Leach, 52 N.Y. 350; Daniels Neg. Inst., § 1603; People v. St. Nicholas Bank, 77 Hun, 160.
The check in question had been duly indorsed and was negotiable. Its possession by Zuccaro, before he passed it forward for collection, was prima facie evidence of title. His good faith is not assailed and his title to the check was not affected by the fact that it had been stolen, and never had a valid delivery. Zuccaro received the check in the usual course of business and without notice of any infirmity.
"Where the instrument is no longer in the possession of a party whose signature appears thereon, a valid and intentional delivery is presumed until the contrary is proved." Neg. Inst. Law, § 35; Am. Eng. Encyc. of Law (2d ed.), 320; Shipley v. Carroll, 45 Ill. 285; Case v. Mechanics' Banking Assn., 4 N.Y. 166.
For the reasons above stated, as between Zuccaro and the defendant, he was entitled to have the check honored and paid, and it must be presumed that the payment of the check by the defendant was made to the lawful holder in good faith.
Notice to the defendant that the check had been lost, and the direction by the plaintiff not to pay the check, if presented, could not operate, under the circumstances, to the prejudice of Zuccaro, and affect his rights. Nassau Bank v. Broadway Bank, 54 Barb. 236; 10 Am. Eng. Encyc. of Law (2d ed.), 553.
The authorities above cited also support this latter proposition.
We, therefore, see that if Zuccaro had not repaid the $500 which he had received through the collection of the check in due course, the parties to this action would have been powerless to compel him to refund.
But Zuccaro having, on their demand, voluntarily repaid the amount he had thus received, the question presented is whether he can maintain any further claim against the defendant.
We think this question demands an answer favorable to the plaintiff. The defendant lost nothing by certifying and paying the check in due course, because it had appropriated sufficient funds of the plaintiff for that purpose at the time of the certification, and upon its payment in due course the check became discharged under the express provision of section 90 of the Negotiable Instruments Law. That being so, Zuccaro can no longer maintain an action against the defendant upon its acceptance or certification. The check was simply surrendered to him after its payment, in due course, to enable him to pursue his remedy against the party from whom he had taken it. Much less can an action be maintained by any one claiming through him. The check is not in the record, but, since it was paid by the defendant, we must infer that it bears upon its face unmistakable evidence of payment. There never hereafter can be a bona fide holder thereof. The defendant's situation is to all intents and purposes the same as if an honest finder of the check had returned it to the bank making no claim upon it.
The rule on this subject is that if the holder expressly renounces a claim against the acceptor "his hands are then untied, and he is left free to account to the drawer for the funds in his hands, or at least is no longer bound to appropriate them to the payment of the bill. * * * To permit the holder, after thus exonerating the acceptor, to recur to him for payment, would work in many cases the harshest injustice, and he is estopped from doing so." Daniels Neg. Inst., §§ 542, 544. Here, the discharge of the defendant was complete when the check was paid in due course. The defendant's messenger, for plaintiff's benefit, demanded the repayment of the money the defendant had paid Zuccaro, and threatened to hold him responsible for it. He yielded to that demand and refunded the money, and the check was surrendered to him. Under the authorities Zuccaro is estopped to recover the same money from the defendant.
The pleadings were oral, the plaintiff pleading money had and received, and, on the trial, he was permitted to add a claim for conversion.
The record shows that the defendant's attorney, at the trial consented that the plaintiff might plead "anything you want."
Judgment was rendered for the full amount claimed. It does not appear from the decision upon what character of action the judgment is based. In view of the liberal practice allowed in the Municipal Court in respect to pleadings, and especially in view of the consent of the defendant's attorney, the pleadings may be deemed to have been amended to conform to the proof, which establishes a cause of action, although not one for conversion.
We think the proof sustains such an action and that the judgment is right and should be affirmed, with costs to the respondent.
FREEDMAN, P.J., and GREENBAUM, J., concur.
Judgment affirmed, with costs to respondent.