Summary
finding no probable cause where sleeping occupant of vehicle awoke on approach of officer, removed foil packet from pocket and dropped or threw packet to floor
Summary of this case from Pier v. StateOpinion
Docket No. 77-4852.
Decided May 1, 1979. Leave to appeal applied for.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Edward R. Wilson, Principal Attorney, Appeals, and E. Gail Willhardt, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Parzen Parzen, for defendant.
Before: D.C. RILEY, P.J., and J.H. GILLIS and MacKENZIE, JJ.
Defendant was arrested on September 2, 1977, and charged with possession of heroin in violation of MCL 335.341(4)(a); MSA 18.1070(41)(4)(a). The undisputed facts show that on the evening in question, police officers stopped to investigate a parked car which appeared to contain two sleeping men. The vehicle's passenger door was open and the inside dome light was functioning. As the police approached, the men roused themselves, at which time defendant removed a tinfoil packet from his pocket and dropped it to the floor of the automobile. One of the officers, familiar with the use of such packets as a method of drug dispersal, seized and opened the packet, which contained an off-white powdery substance later determined to be heroin. Defendant was immediately arrested and taken into custody.
Following the preliminary examination, defendant brought a motion to quash the information and dismiss the case on the grounds that the police officer lacked sufficient probable cause to confiscate and open the tinfoil packet. The trial court granted this motion and the people appeal as of right.
Initially, we observe that the expropriation of the packet cannot be sustained by reference to the "plain view" doctrine, which holds that the seizure of objects within the plain view of a police officer, in a place where he has a lawful right to be, is not constitutionally proscribed for lack of a valid warrant. People v Hunter, 72 Mich. App. 191, 199; 249 N.W.2d 351 (1976), People v Triplett, 68 Mich. App. 531; 243 N.W.2d 665 (1976), lv den 397 Mich. 842 (1976). However, this exception is subject to the further limitation that only objects which the officer has probable cause to believe are evidence or implements of a crime may be seized and examined. People v Ridgeway, 74 Mich. App. 306, 311-312; 253 N.W.2d 743 (1977), lv den 401 Mich. 831 (1977).
Here there is no dispute that, under the circumstances at bar, the officers' investigation of the vehicle was proper. The occupants of the automobile could have been in need of assistance for any of a number of reasons. Hence, the crucial question thus becomes not whether the officer was lawfully in a place to observe, but rather, did what he observe constitute probable cause to believe that the object seized was evidence or an implement of crime.
At this juncture we reach plaintiff's contention that probable cause is no longer required for a limited search and seizure of the kind conducted by the police in this case, but that such an investigation may be premised upon a lesser standard of "reasonable grounds". Plaintiff argues, erroneously, that the facts of Terry v Ohio, 392 U.S. 1; 88 S Ct 1868; 20 L Ed 2d 889 (1968), and United States v Martinez-Fuerte, 428 U.S. 543; 96 S Ct 3074; 49 L Ed 2d 1116 (1976), indicate that, consistent with the Fourth Amendment, the police may, in cases such as this, conduct limited investigatory searches and seizures based upon grounds less than probable cause in the absence of any individualized suspicion. Terry involved the validity of a surface search or "frisk" of the outer clothing of a defendant with whom the officer had contact where the officer reasonably believed that he was dealing with an armed and dangerous person. In authorizing a limited intrusion to search for weapons, the holding in Terry was specifically premised upon, and limited to, the concern for the safety of law enforcement agents. Here it cannot be argued that any solicitude for the officers' safety because of hidden weapons could justify opening the packet.
United States v Martinez-Fuerte, supra, is also wholly inapposite as it deals with the dramatically different conditions relevant to a border search where a more relaxed Fourth Amendment standard has been held to apply. Nor does a review of the case law and remaning authority cited by plaintiff warrant imposition of a lesser standard than probable cause in the present case.
Next, the state broadly urges us to hold that the time has come (in the evolution of the law) for the courts to realize that the use of tinfoil packets to facilitate drug trade is so widespread and well known among policemen that the mere sighting of such packets is sufficient to establish the requisite probable cause. We decline such a historical invitation. Defendant correctly points out that tin and aluminum foil have a vast number of legitimate and common uses; these commodities permeate American society resulting in almost daily contact with them in one form or another. Any inference of criminal activity derived from their mere possession is too expansive for purposes of the Fourth Amendment.
We acknowledge that this Court has previously used language ostensibly favoring the people's position. In People v Ridgeway, supra, at 314, where a police officer observed a tinfoil packet on the floor of defendant's car, the Court stated:
"We now consider the strongest support for a finding of probable cause, viz., the officer's knowledge that tinfoil packets like the one on the floor of the car often contain narcotics. Given the officer's experience in narcotics law enforcement, his suspicion that the packet contained some controlled substance must be respected. The question is extremely close, but we believe that the officer did have probable cause to believe that the packet contained a controlled substance."
However, in that case the officer also detected the odor of marijuana when defendant was stopped. The inference that marijuana users would be in possession of narcotics may be entitled to some weight according to the Court. The additional circumstance of marijuana smoke in Ridgeway renders it inadequate precedent for plaintiff's position. See also People v Falconer, 76 Mich. App. 367, 369; 256 N.W.2d 597 (1977), lv den 402 Mich. 816 (1977), holding that a police officer's suspicion that manila coin envelopes, being exchanged by a defendant for money, contained narcotics, did not by itself constitute probable cause for either arrest of the defendant or a search of the defendant's car.
Lastly, the people contend that the additional circumstances present in this case, taken in combination, are sufficient to establish probable cause, to wit: the officer's prior experience with tinfoil packets, defendant's furtive gesture, and the exigent circumstances of a potentially mobile vehicle. The latter ground merits only brief discussion. The exigent circumstances allowing immediate search of a movable vehicle is an exception to the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement. It does not serve to discharge the antecedent necessity of probable cause. Only where there is probable cause to believe that contraband will be found at the time the search occurs will the exception catalyze permissible investigation of the auto's contents without the procurement of a warrant. People v Strong, 77 Mich. App. 281, 284-285; 258 N.W.2d 205 (1977), People v Daniels, 50 Mich. App. 754, 758; 213 N.W.2d 780 (1973), lv den 391 Mich. 828 (1974). See generally, 1 Wharton, Criminal Procedure (12th ed), § 151, p 321.
The remaining facts, however, are more troubling. Although insufficient standing alone, the use of tinfoil packets may be considered in combination with other elements in determining the existence of probable cause. One such factor is an evasive or "furtive" gesture by one aware that he is under police observation. As in the case of tinfoil packets, a mere furtive gesture, standing alone, does not create probable cause to search a vehicle. People v Howell, 394 Mich. 445, 447; 231 N.W.2d 650 (1975), People v Boudah, 61 Mich. App. 563, 566; 233 N.W.2d 84 (1975), People v Obadele, 58 Mich. App. 139, 143; 227 N.W.2d 258 (1975), People v Nelson Pitts, 40 Mich. App. 567, 576; 199 N.W.2d 271 (1972), lv den 388 Mich. 791 (1972), People v Reeves, 23 Mich. App. 183, 188; 178 N.W.2d 115 (1970). See also Anno: Search Seizure: Furtive Movement or Gesture as Justifying Police Search, 45 ALR3d 581. The rationale behind this rule was considered in People v Hall, 40 Mich. App. 329, 335; 198 N.W.2d 762 (1972), quoting People v Superior Court of Yolo County, 3 Cal.3d 807, 817-818; 478 P.2d 449; 91 Cal.Rptr. 729 (1970):
"`The difficulty is that from the viewpoint of the observer, an innocent gesture can often be mistaken for a guilty movement. He must not only perceive the gesture accurately, he must also interpret it in accordance with the actor's true intent. But if words are not infrequently ambiguous, gestures are even more so. Many are wholly nonspecific, and can be assigned a meaning only in their context. Yet the observer may view that context quite otherwise from the actor: not only is his vantage point different, he may even have approached the scene with a preconceived notion — consciously or subconsciously — of what gestures he expected to see and what he expected them to mean. The potential for misunderstanding in such a situation is obvious.
"` It is because of this danger that the law requires more than a mere "furtive gesture" to constitute probable cause to search or to arrest.'"
In People v Nelson Pitts, supra, police officers stopped the defendant's car because it had no license plate light and saw a small prescription bottle in the defendant's hand which he dropped between the seat and door as they approached. A search of the car revealed it to contain heroin. The Court held that the circumstances did not justify the search, stating that the movement by the defendant was not so obviously evasive that the police could infer criminality. The circumstances, said the Court, established no more than mere suspicion.
In the instant case, the furtive gesture consisted of the defendant putting his hand in his pocket and either dropping or throwing a tinfoil packet to the floor of the vehicle. Such a gesture would seem to be closely akin to that in Pitts which was found to establish no more than mere suspicion.
This gesture, combined with the suspicion aroused by the tinfoil packet, may have been sufficient to establish probable cause. Nevertheless, we refuse to overturn the decision of the lower court for the following reasons. First, we note that the record fails to supply us with an adequate description of the "tinfoil packet". We are, therefore, left to speculate as to its bulk and configuration — whether large enough to hold a sandwich, or perhaps the size of a gum wrapper. Absent such evidence, we have no basis, apart from the officer's naked allegation, for considering the argument that they are so readily identifiable as a means of drug conveyance.
In the same vein, the extent of defendant's "furtive gesture" is not apparent. Defendant either "dropped" or "threw" the packet to the floor of the vehicle. No other circumstances helpful to us are given surrounding the incident. As this Court noted in People v Strong, 77 Mich. App. 281, 286; 258 N.W.2d 205 (1977):
"`Furtive gestures' have been defined as `obviously evasive actions'. People v Nelson Pitts, 40 Mich. App. 567, 576; 199 N.W.2d 271 (1972), People v Evans, 3 Mich. App. 1, 7; 141 N.W.2d 668 (1966). An inference of criminality may be drawn from circumstantial evidence only if it follows `as an impelling certainty'. People v Davenport, 39 Mich. App. 252, 257; 197 N.W.2d 521; 56 ALR3d 942 (1972)."
We are not constrained to say that, in light of the record before us, an inference of criminality follows "as an impelling certainty". The similar facts holding of People v Nelson Pitts, supra, supports this conclusion.
Further, we do not reverse a trial court's ruling at a suppression hearing unless that ruling is found to be "clearly erroneous". People v White, 84 Mich. App. 351, 354; 269 N.W.2d 598 (1978), People v Ulrich, 83 Mich. App. 19, 21; 268 N.W.2d 269 (1978), People v Robertson, 81 Mich. App. 446, 449; 265 N.W.2d 365 (1978), People v Terrell, 77 Mich. App. 676, 679; 259 N.W.2d 187 (1977), People v Triplett, supra, at 535, People v Stewart, 25 Mich. App. 204, 206; 181 N.W.2d 14 (1970), People v Smith, 19 Mich. App. 359, 367; 172 N.W.2d 902 (1969). As the question in the present case is a close one, this standard does not mandate reversal of the court below.
Affirmed.
MacKENZIE, J., concurred.
At 1:30 a.m. on September 2, 1977, defendant and a companion were observed apparently sleeping in a car parked on the street. The passenger door was open and the dome light was on. As a uniformed officer approached on the passenger side of the car, defendant took a tinfoil packet out of his pocket and dropped it on the floor. From experience, the officer knew that similar packets were often used to transport drugs. The packet was seized and opened, revealing a substance which was later determined to be heroin. Defendant was thereupon arrested.
Following the preliminary examination and bind over, the lower court granted defendant's motion to quash the information. Relying upon the case of People v Falconer, 76 Mich. App. 367; 256 N.W.2d 597 (1977), the court held that there was not probable cause to seize the packet.
In Falconer, the defendant was observed on three occasions removing manila coin envelopes from a car and exchanging them for money. The defendant was unaware that he was under police observation at the time. The Court held there was no probable cause to arrest the defendant or search the car, saying:
"There was no testimony that the officer was in possession of any information from any source linking the defendant, any of the persons who approached the defendant, the car, or the locality, with prior narcotics involvement. The sole ground of the arrest and search was the officer's suspicion that the manila coin envelopes contained narcotics. Such suspicion does not constitute probable cause for either the arrest of the defendant or the search of the car." Id., at 369.
In People v Ridgeway, 74 Mich. App. 306; 253 N.W.2d 743 (1977), the defendant was stopped for a minor traffic offense. The officers smelled marijuana and observed a tinfoil packet on the floor. In determining that there was probable cause, the Court placed much reliance upon the officers' knowledge that tinfoil packets such as the one in defendant's car often contain narcotics. The Court gave some weight to the fact that the officers smelled marijuana, since it might be inferred that one who smokes marijuana may also be in possession of more dangerous drugs. However, it is readily apparent that this was not the controlling factor in the Court's decision. As the Court noted:
"We are not overly impressed by that inference, but it may be entitled to some weight."
In the instant case, like in Ridgeway, the officer testified that he had seen packets similar to the one observed and that in his experience packets of that type ordinarily contain narcotics or other controlled substances.
In addition, defendant's actions can certainly be characterized as "suspicious". Defendant was partially lying down in the front seat of the car. A marked police car stopped next to the automobile. As a uniformed officer walked around the rear of the car, defendant got up. As the officer approached the passenger door, defendant reached into his pocket, removed the packet, and threw it to the floor. I do not believe it is unreasonable to infer from these circumstances that defendant was attempting to get rid of the possession of incriminating material.
An obviously evasive action by a person who is aware that he is being observed by the police is one factor to be considered in the probable cause formula. People v Nelson Pitts, 40 Mich. App. 567, 576; 199 N.W.2d 271 (1972). While a "furtive gesture" standing alone does not create probable cause, id., in the instant case the defendant's actions, when coupled with the officer's knowledge from prior experience, was sufficient to justify the seizure of the packet.
I would reverse.