Opinion
640 KA 15–01258
06-08-2018
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Andrea L. WILLIAMS, Defendant–Appellant.
DONALD R. GERACE, UTICA, FOR DEFENDANT–APPELLANT. ANDREA L. WILLIAMS, DEFENDANT–APPELLANT PRO SE. SCOTT D. MCNAMARA, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, UTICA (STEVEN G. COX OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.
DONALD R. GERACE, UTICA, FOR DEFENDANT–APPELLANT.
ANDREA L. WILLIAMS, DEFENDANT–APPELLANT PRO SE.
SCOTT D. MCNAMARA, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, UTICA (STEVEN G. COX OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.
PRESENT: WHALEN, P.J., CENTRA, PERADOTTO, TROUTMAN, AND WINSLOW, JJ.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously reversed on the law, the indictment is dismissed and the matter is remitted to Oneida County Court for proceedings pursuant to CPL 470.45.
Memorandum: Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting her upon a jury verdict of two counts of criminal possession of a controlled substance in the third degree ( Penal Law § 220.16[1], [12] ) and one count of criminal possession of a controlled substance in the seventh degree (§ 220.03). In her main and pro se supplemental briefs, defendant contends that the evidence is legally insufficient to establish that she constructively possessed heroin that was recovered from the apartment where she was arrested. We agree, and we therefore reverse the judgment and dismiss the indictment.
Where, as here, there is no evidence that the defendant actually possessed the controlled substance, the People are required to establish that the defendant "exercised ‘dominion or control’ over the property by a sufficient level of control over the area in which the contraband is found or over the person from whom the contraband is seized" ( People v. Manini, 79 N.Y.2d 561, 573, 584 N.Y.S.2d 282, 594 N.E.2d 563 [1992] ; see Penal Law § 10.00[8] ; People v. Russaw, 114 A.D.3d 1261, 1261–1262, 980 N.Y.S.2d 218 [4th Dept. 2014], lv denied 22 N.Y.3d 1202, 986 N.Y.S.2d 422, 9 N.E.3d 917 [2014] ). The People may establish constructive possession by circumstantial evidence (see People v. Torres, 68 N.Y.2d 677, 678–679, 505 N.Y.S.2d 595, 496 N.E.2d 684 [1986] ; People v. Boyd, 145 A.D.3d 1481, 1481–1482, 43 N.Y.S.3d 641 [4th Dept. 2016], lv denied 29 N.Y.3d 947, 54 N.Y.S.3d 377, 76 N.E.3d 1080 [2017] ). It is well established, however, that a defendant's mere presence in the area where drugs are discovered is insufficient to establish constructive possession (see Boyd , 145 A.D.3d at 1482, 43 N.Y.S.3d 641; People v. Knightner, 11 A.D.3d 1002, 1004, 782 N.Y.S.2d 333 [4th Dept. 2004], lv denied 4 N.Y.3d 745, 790 N.Y.S.2d 658, 824 N.E.2d 59 [2004] ).
The evidence in this case, viewed in the light most favorable to the People (see People v. Contes, 60 N.Y.2d 620, 621, 467 N.Y.S.2d 349, 454 N.E.2d 932 [1983] ), is legally insufficient to establish the possession element of the crimes charged. Although defendant was present in the apartment at the time when the police executed the search warrant, "no evidence was presented to establish that defendant was an occupant of the apartment or that [she] regularly frequented it" ( People v. Swain, 241 A.D.2d 695, 696, 660 N.Y.S.2d 199 [3d Dept. 1997] ). The People relied primarily on the trial testimony of a police investigator, who testified that defendant was listed in the records management system of the Utica Police Department (UPD) as living at the apartment. The investigator acknowledged on cross-examination, however, that he did not know how the UPD obtained that information and that the information in the records management system is not always current or even accurate. The investigator also testified that he surveilled the building in which the apartment was located "hundreds" of times over the course of a three-week investigation, and that he observed defendant "at that location" only twice. Although the investigator testified that "typical women's clothing" was found in the apartment, he failed to offer specifics except for three pairs of footwear, which he believed might fit defendant. By contrast, he testified in detail about men's underwear and men's deodorant found in a dresser drawer, men's work boots piled near the dresser, and men's sweatshirts hanging over a couch. Photographs of the clothing were received in evidence, and those photographs did not depict any "typical women's clothing," with the possible exception of one or two pairs of footwear. Inasmuch as there was no evidence, other than her presence, that specifically connected defendant to the apartment where the contraband was found, "the People failed to prove that [she] exercised dominion and control over the contraband, and therefore failed to prove the possession element of the counts as charged" ( People v. Brown, 133 A.D.3d 772, 773, 20 N.Y.S.3d 390 [2d Dept. 2015], lv denied 26 N.Y.3d 1143, 32 N.Y.S.3d 57, 51 N.E.3d 568 [2016] ; see generally People v. Gautreaux–Perez, 31 A.D.3d 1209, 1210, 817 N.Y.S.2d 839 [4th Dept. 2006] ).
In light of our determination, we need not consider the additional contentions in defendant's main and pro se supplemental briefs.