Opinion
Docket No. 6,239.
Decided August 28, 1969. Rehearing granted October 14, 1969. Decided February 4, 1970. Leave to appeal granted April 23, 1970. 383 Mich. 776.
Appeal from Kent, John H. Vander Wal, J. Submitted Division 3 April 9, 1969, at Grand Rapids. (Docket No. 6,239.) Decided August 28, 1969. Rehearing granted October 14, 1969. Decided February 4, 1970. Leave to appeal granted April 23, 1970. 383 Mich. 776.
Albert T. Whisenant was convicted of robbery armed. Defendant appeals. Reversed and remanded.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, James K. Miller, Prosecuting Attorney, and Wesley J. Nykamp, Chief Appellate Attorney, for the people.
Smith, Haughey Rice ( Thomas F. Blackwell, of counsel), for defendant.
Before: QUINN, P.J., and HOLBROOK and T.M. BURNS, JJ.
ON REHEARING
This case is now before us for the third time; the first time, it was reported in 11 Mich. App. 432; the second time, in 19 Mich. App. 182 and, now, by reason of our order of October 14, 1969 granting a rehearing, it is considered in this opinion. The facts in the case are set forth in the two decisions of this Court set forth above. We supplement the facts previously stated to include the following: The armed robbery alleged to have been committed by defendant occurred on December 21, 1965; on February 2, 1966 the police investigation led them to a suspect, the defendant herein; a complaint and warrant charging defendant with the crime was issued on February 3, 1966. On February 18, 1966 the defendant was arraigned in circuit court having previously waived preliminary examination. At the arraignment by request of defendant the court appointed counsel for him and the matter was remanded for preliminary examination. As a result of the preliminary examination defendant was bound over to circuit court where he was again arraigned on May 6, 1966. Trial was held the 27th day of June and he was convicted. In this Court's first two opinions, we felt bound by Miranda v. Arizona (1966), 384 U.S. 436 ( 86 S Ct 1602, 16 L Ed 2d 694, 10 ALR3d 974) as construed in the case of Johnson v. New Jersey (1966), 384 U.S. 719 ( 86 S Ct 1772, 16 L Ed 2d 882), and interpreted by our Supreme Court in the case of People v. Fordyce (1966), 378 Mich. 208, 211, 212 wherein the Court stated:
"On June 20, 1966, the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Johnson v. New Jersey (1966), 384 U.S. 719 ( 86 S Ct 1772, 16 L Ed 2d 882), held that the guidelines set forth in Miranda are available only to persons whose trials had not begun as of June 13, 1966. Fordyce was tried in circuit court for Ingham county by jury trial beginning April 20, 1964. On April 23, 1964, the jury returned a verdict of guilty.
"The Supreme Court of the United States stated in Johnson, supra (p 731):
"`Retroactive application of Escobedo and Miranda would seriously disrupt the administration of our criminal laws. It would require the retrial or release of numerous prisoners found guilty by trustworthy evidence in conformity with previously announced constitutional standards. Prior to Escobedo and Miranda, few States were under any enforced compulsion on account of local law to grant requests for the assistance of counsel or to advise accused persons of their privilege against self-incrimination.'" (Emphasis supplied.)
On June 2, 1969 the United States Supreme Court decided the case of Jenkins v. Delaware (1969), 395 U.S. 213 ( 89 S Ct 1677, 23 L Ed 2d 253), which reiterated the rule set down in Johnson, supra, that Miranda, supra, applied to defendants whose trials commenced after June 13, 1966. The following appears in the Jenkins opinion, p 259:
"Once the need is established for applying the principle prospectively, as the Supreme Court of New Jersey has pointed out, `there is a large measure of judicial discretion involved in deciding * * * the time from which the new principle is to be deemed controlling.' State v. Vigliano (1967), 50 N.J. 51, 65, 66 ( 232 A.2d 129, 137). In our more recent decisions in this area, we have regarded as determinative the moment at which the discarded standards were first relied upon. See, e.g., Desist v. United States (1969), 394 U.S. 244 ( 89 S Ct 1030, 22 L Ed 2d 248); Stovall v. Denno ([1967] 388 U.S. 293 [ 87 S Ct 1967, 18 L Ed 2d 1199]). The point of reliance is critical, not because of any constitutional compulsion, but because it determines the impact that newly articulated constitutional principles will have upon convictions obtained pursuant to investigatory and prosecutorial practices not previously proscribed. See Johnson v. New Jersey, supra, at 733 ( 86 S Ct at 1781, 16 L Ed 2d at 892). See generally, Schaefer, The Control of `Sunbursts': Techniques of Prospective Overruling, 42 N.Y.UL Rev 631 (1967)."
It appears without question that the authorities at the time of the taking of the confession from the defendant Whisenant relied upon the rules applicable before the Miranda decision for it occurred in February 1966, whereas the Miranda decision was decided in June of 1966.
Notwithstanding the fact that there is a large measure of judicial discretion involved in deciding the time from which a new principle of law is to be deemed controlling we concluded that at the time of our most recent decision to be bound by the law as stated in People v. Fordyce, supra.
People v. Whisenant (1969), 19 Mich. App. 182; People v. Whisenant, 11 Mich. App. 432.
On August 4, 1969 (published August 29, 1969), our Supreme Court decided the case of People v. Woods (1969), 382 Mich. 128, which involved the question whether Miranda, supra, applied to defendant's post- Miranda retrial of defendant's 1961 trial. On pp 138 and 139 of the opinion it is stated as follows:
"We align our judgment with those of the State courts which view Miranda as applying only to prosecutions commenced after Miranda became prospectively effective." (Emphasis supplied.)
It would seem that our Supreme Court has now interpreted the effective date of Miranda, supra, as applying only to prosecutions commenced after June 13, 1966, but for the addendum to the opinion, which states:
"As shown by footnote 4 ante, the foregoing opinion was delivered to the other Justices for their consideration on February 14 last. No other opinion of the defendant's appeal has since been written. Now that the Supreme Court has decided Jenkins v. Delaware (1969), 395 U.S. 213 ( 89 S Ct 1677, 23 L Ed 2d 253), (the pendency of which we noted above at 138), by ruling as we have ruled that Miranda does not apply to the retrial of a defendant whose first trial commenced prior to June 13, 1966, there is no need for withholding any longer a report of our decision." (Emphasis supplied.)
We also conclude that the "large measure of judicial discretion in deciding * * * the time from which the new principle ( Miranda) is to be deemed controlling" is first and finally within the prerogative of the United States Supreme Court as is evidenced by the language used in the prevailing opinion in Jenkins v. Delaware, supra, pp 259, 260 as follows:
"In Johnson, after considering the need to avoid unreasonably disrupting the administration of our criminal laws, we selected the commencement of trial as determinative. We of course could have applied Miranda to all judgments not yet final, although they were obtained in good-faith reliance upon constitutional standards then applicable. See Linkletter v. Walker (1965), 318 U.S. 618 ( 85 S Ct 1731, 14 L Ed 2d 601). As we pointed out, however, that choice `would [have] impos[ed] an unjustifiable burden on the administration of justice.' 384 US, at 733 ( 86 S Ct at 1781, 16 L Ed 2d at 892). On the other hand, we could have adopted the approach we took in Stovall and Desist and made the point of initial reliance, the moment the defendant is interrogated, the operative event. See Schaefer, supra, p 646. But in an effort to extend the protection of Miranda to as many defendants as was consistent with society's legitimate concern that convictions already validly obtained not be needlessly aborted, we selected the commencement of the trial. Implicit in this choice was the assumption that, with few exceptions, the commission and investigation of a crime would be sufficiently proximate to the commencement of the defendant's trial that no undue burden would be imposed upon prosecuting authorities by requiring them to find evidentiary substitutes for statements obtained in violation of the constitutional protections afforded by Miranda." (Emphasis supplied.)
Because we read Jenkins v. Delaware, supra, as clearly stating that Miranda shall apply to defendants whose trials commenced after June 13, 1966, and People v. Woods, supra, is inconclusive by reason of the language used in the addendum, we are constrained to adhere to our prior decision and reverse the conviction and remand for a new trial with the same instructions.
T.M. BURNS, J., concurred.
For the reasons expressed in my dissent in People v. Whisenant (1969), 19 Mich. App. 182, I dissent from the majority opinion on rehearing. I would affirm the conviction.