Opinion
08-26-2015
PEOPLE of the State of New York ex rel. Kenneth JOHNSON, Petitioner, v. WARDEN, GEORGE R. VIERNO Center, New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, Respondents.
Legal Aid Society, New York City (Elon Harpazof counsel), for petitioner. Eric T. Schneiderman, Attorney General, New York City (David Chengof counsel), for respondents.
Legal Aid Society, New York City (Elon Harpazof counsel), for petitioner.
Eric T. Schneiderman, Attorney General, New York City (David Chengof counsel), for respondents.
Opinion
JOSEPH J. DAWSON, J.In Matter of Lopez v. Evans,25 N.Y.3d 199, 9 N.Y.S.3d 601, 31 N.E.3d 1197 (2015), the Court of Appeals held “that when a parolee lacks mental competency to stand trial, it is a violation of his or her due process rights to conduct a parole revocation hearing.” Id.at 202, 9 N.Y.S.3d 601, 31 N.E.3d 1197. Because the basis for the parole revocation in Lopezhad been conduct for which he had been found unfit to stand trial, his counsel sought an adjournment to evaluate his mental condition. The application was denied and his parole was revoked. He commenced an Article 78 proceeding, seeking to annul the parole revocation on due process grounds. Although the Supreme Court dismissed the petition, the Appellate Division reversed, suggesting, in dicta, that the Parole Board's statutory power necessarily includes authority to determine, in accordance with due process, whether a parolee who has allegedly violated his or her conditions of release is mentally competent to participate in a violation proceeding. See id.at 205, 9 N.Y.S.3d 601, 31 N.E.3d 1197.
In affirming, the Court of Appeals did not necessarily endorse that dicta. Instead, after establishing the principle that it would violate due process to have a parole revocation hearing during which the parolee could not meaningfully participate due to mental incapacity, the Court examined assorted matters of public policy, procedural difficulties and practical problems associated with this area. The Court did not presume to solve any of these issues by judicial fiat. Instead, the Court stated, “[b]ecause the issue is not presented in this case, we express no view on the Parole Board's authority to make competency determinations in cases unlike this one where there has not been a recent judicial determination of incompetency. We note only that it seems clear that there are statutory concerns that the legislature should address.” Id.at 209, 9 N.Y.S.3d 601, 31 N.E.3d 1197. “In light of our concerns about the application of the pertinent statutes to such individuals,” the Court observed, “we urge the legislature to address the issues raised by the parties to this litigation.” Id.at 202, 9 N.Y.S.3d 601, 31 N.E.3d 1197.
Currently before Governor Cuomo is a bill passed by both the Assembly and Senate that would permit an employee of the Parole Board, a hearing officer, or a parolee's counsel to invoke the Supreme Court's jurisdiction to resolve matters of this kind. Currently before me is a writ based upon a parole revocation in which both sides suggest that there is a genuine question as to the petitioner's mental capacity. Both sides urge this Court to invoke Section 2–b(3) of the Judiciary Lawand essentially breathe life into the proposed statute before it is signed.
The Court declines to do this. Section 2–b(3) of the Judiciary Lawis generally used only as an incident to judicial power, to preserve a court's jurisdiction, or to carry out responsibilities that have already been conferred upon a judge. See, e.g., People v. Wrotten, 14 N.Y.3d 33, 37, 896 N.Y.S.2d 711, 923 N.E.2d 1099 (2009); People v. Ricardo B., 73 N.Y.2d 228, 233, 538 N.Y.S.2d 796, 535 N.E.2d 1336 (1989). Section 2–b(3)is not a device through which a court may arrogate legislative power to itself. Yet, petitioner and respondent would have this Court do just that.
Specifically, they would have the Court invoke Judiciary Law Section 2–b(3)and “order” a mental examination along the lines envisioned in Section 730 of the Criminal Procedure Law, and then have the result bind the Division of Parole in connection with the revocation matter that is pending against petitioner. For purposes of this case, then, I effectively would be lifting the pen from Governor Cuomo's desk, signing the bill, and, regardless of the waiting period set forth in the legislation itself, declaring the law effective immediately.
This would be an egregious violation of separation of powers principles, and I reject the invitation of both sides to venture down this path. The Court of Appeals identified the problem in Lopezless than six months ago, the Legislature has already drafted and passed a bill to correct it, and it has only recently been submitted to the Governor for his signature. It would be completely inappropriate for a judge to circumvent the entire legislative process by invoking Section 2–b(3). The statute was never intended to be used in such a way. Accord, People ex rel. Fortunato v. Warden, 48 Misc.3d 649, 9 N.Y.S.3d 849, 856 (Sup.Ct. Bronx Co.2015).
Moreover, it would be unnecessary to issue the order contemplated by both sides because this matter is not yet ripe for disposition. After all, within a month after Lopezwas decided, the Appellate Division, First Department, reaffirmed that the parole authorities are “required to determine petitioner's mental competency before the parole revocation hearing could proceed” when, as here, “is appears that petitioner is not mentally competent and [is] incapable of participating in the parole revocation hearing or of assisting his counsel in doing so.” Polzella v. Evans, 128 A.D.3d 550, 8 N.Y.S.3d 563 (2015). Here, the petition reveals that an ALJ rejected counsel's request for a competency exam on the theory that there was “no mechanism” to do it. SeeVerified Petition at ¶ 13. Yet, it appears that after petitioner's counsel obtained a psychological assessment, it was not submitted to parole authorities for consideration; instead, petitioner's counsel sought an adjournment. Id.at ¶ 17.
As the Polzelladecision demonstrates, the parole authorities have an obligation to consider the claim by petitioner's counsel that his client is mentally incapable to participate in the parole revocation hearing. Since it appears that petitioner's counsel already has obtained a psychological examination and assessment, but never submitted it to the parole authorities, that material should be provided. After the material is supplied, parole must, pursuant to Polzellaand Lopez,make a determination as to petitioner's mental capacity.
Inasmuch as petitioner requested an adjournment of the revocation proceeding, this matter is not ripe for adjudication. Nor will it be so until such time as parole finally determines that it will not, in the face of a Court of Appeals decision to the contrary, consider petitioner's assertion that he lacks the mental capacity to participate in the proceeding. The record is not sufficiently developed in that regard. Indeed, since petitioner requested an adjournment of the proceeding instead of presenting the assessment to parole, this petition for a writ of habeas corpus is dismissed without prejudice.