Opinion
2014-05-2
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Ronald WALKER, also known as Shorty, Defendant–Appellant.
Leanne Lapp, Public Defender, Canandaigua, the Abbatoy Law Firm, PLLC, Rochester (David M. Abbatoy, Jr., of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant. R. Michael Tantillo, District Attorney, Canandaigua (Brian D. Dennis of Counsel), for Respondent.
Leanne Lapp, Public Defender, Canandaigua, the Abbatoy Law Firm, PLLC, Rochester (David M. Abbatoy, Jr., of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant. R. Michael Tantillo, District Attorney, Canandaigua (Brian D. Dennis of Counsel), for Respondent.
PRESENT: SMITH, J.P., FAHEY, PERADOTTO, CARNI, and SCONIERS, JJ.
MEMORANDUM:
On appeal from a judgment convicting him upon a jury verdict of criminal sale of a controlled substance in the third degree (Penal Law § 220.39[1] ), defendant contends that he was deprived of a fair trial by instances of prosecutorial misconduct during, inter alia, the prosecutor's cross-examination of him. Initially, we note that only some of the instances raised on appeal are preserved for our review, and we decline to exercise our power to address the unpreserved instances as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice ( seeCPL 470.15[6][a] ). With respect to those contentions that are preserved for our review, we note that, “where, as here, the defendant's testimony leaves open only the suggestion that the People's witnesses have lied ..., the prosecution has the right to [cross-examine defendant on the issue] whether the witnesses are liars” ( People v. Overlee, 236 A.D.2d 133, 139, 666 N.Y.S.2d 572,lv. denied 91 N.Y.2d 976, 672 N.Y.S.2d 855, 695 N.E.2d 724;see People v. Allen, 13 A.D.3d 892, 897–898, 787 N.Y.S.2d 417,lv. denied4 N.Y.3d 883, 798 N.Y.S.2d 728, 831 N.E.2d 973;see also People v. Morris, 267 A.D.2d 1032, 1033, 700 N.Y.S.2d 897,lv. denied95 N.Y.2d 800, 711 N.Y.S.2d 169, 733 N.E.2d 241). In any event, we conclude that defendant was not thereby denied a fair trial ( see People v. Shinebarger, 110 A.D.3d 1478, 1480, 973 N.Y.S.2d 510;People v. Gonzalez, 206 A.D.2d 946, 947, 615 N.Y.S.2d 191,lv. denied84 N.Y.2d 867, 618 N.Y.S.2d 13, 642 N.E.2d 332).
Contrary to defendant's further contention, the prosecutor did not engage in prosecutorial misconduct on summation by vouching for the credibility of the informant, and, in any event, the instances of alleged prosecutorial misconduct on summation of which defendant complains were “ ‘either a fair response to defense counsel's summation or fair comment on the evidence’ ” ( People v. Green, 60 A.D.3d 1320, 1322, 875 N.Y.S.2d 390,lv. denied12 N.Y.3d 915, 884 N.Y.S.2d 696, 912 N.E.2d 1077;see People v. Halm, 81 N.Y.2d 819, 821, 595 N.Y.S.2d 380, 611 N.E.2d 281). Furthermore, even assuming, arguendo, that the burden of proof was impermissibly shifted by other comments made by the prosecutor during summation ( see People v. Grant, 94 A.D.3d 1139, 1141, 942 N.Y.S.2d 223,lv. denied20 N.Y.3d 1099, 965 N.Y.S.2d 795, 988 N.E.2d 533), we conclude that the comments were not so pervasive or egregious as to deny defendant a fair trial ( see People v. Rogers, 103 A.D.3d 1150, 1153–1154, 958 N.Y.S.2d 835,lv. denied21 N.Y.3d 946, 968 N.Y.S.2d 8, 990 N.E.2d 142).
Defendant further contends that the verdict is contrary to the weight of the evidence in light of his acquittal of the first four counts of the indictment charging him with other sales of controlled substances on other days, and in light of the jury's apparent acceptance of his agency defense with respect to those counts. We reject that contention. Generally, “[w]e accord great deference to the resolution of credibility issues by the trier of fact ‘because those who see and hear the witnesses can assess their credibility and reliability in a manner that is far superior to that of reviewing judges who must rely on the printed record’ ” ( People v. Ange, 37 A.D.3d 1143, 1144, 829 N.Y.S.2d 378,lv. denied9 N.Y.3d 839, 840 N.Y.S.2d 766, 872 N.E.2d 879, quoting People v. Lane, 7 N.Y.3d 888, 890, 826 N.Y.S.2d 599, 860 N.E.2d 61;see generally People v. Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d 490, 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672). Here, the first four counts of the indictment were based entirely upon the testimony of a witness who was a paid police informant and an admitted drug user, and who had personal animus toward defendant, but the fifth count was also based on the testimony of an undercover sheriff's investigator who purchased the drugs at issue. Consequently, viewing the evidence in light of the elements of the crimes as charged to the jury ( see People v. Danielson, 9 N.Y.3d 342, 349, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1), after exercising our factual review power and according deference to the jury's credibility determinations, we find that the People disproved the agency defense beyond a reasonable doubt with respect to the fifth count, of which defendant was convicted ( see People v. Foster, 50 A.D.3d 1559, 1559, 855 N.Y.S.2d 805,lv. denied10 N.Y.3d 934, 862 N.Y.S.2d 341, 892 N.E.2d 407), and that the verdict is not contrary to the weight of the evidence ( see generally Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d at 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672).
It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously affirmed.