Opinion
No. 330211
02-28-2017
PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff–Appellee, v. Christopher George WAHMHOFF, Defendant–Appellant.
Bill Schuette, Attorney General, Aaron D. Lindstrom, Solicitor General, David E. Gilbert, Prosecuting Attorney, and Jennifer K. Clark, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people. John F. Royal for defendant.
Bill Schuette, Attorney General, Aaron D. Lindstrom, Solicitor General, David E. Gilbert, Prosecuting Attorney, and Jennifer K. Clark, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
John F. Royal for defendant.
Before: Hoekstra, P.J., and Saad and Riordan, JJ.
Per Curiam. Defendant, Christopher George Wahmhoff, was convicted after a bench trial of resisting and obstructing a police officer, MCL 750.81d(1), and trespassing, MCL 750.552. The trial court sentenced him to 12 months' probation and 60 days in jail, to be suspended, for his resisting and obstructing conviction and ordered defendant to pay a fine for his trespassing conviction. After a hearing, defendant was ordered to pay a total of $4,301.28 in restitution. Defendant now appeals as of right, solely challenging the restitution order. We vacate the restitution order and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
On June 24, 2013, at some time before employees arrived at 7:00 a.m., defendant crawled inside a pipeline on Enbridge, Inc., property in Fredonia Township, Michigan. When deputies arrived, defendant stated that he would not leave the pipe until 5:00 p.m. because he intended to disrupt an entire workday for Enbridge in an act of protest. Fire personnel were called to the scene because defendant was in a confined space and an overpowering chemical odor could be smelled inside the pipe. Accordingly, at least one ventilation fan was placed at the end of the pipe to ensure that defendant received fresh air while he remained inside, and firefighters and police personnel remained on site, prepared to respond if defendant lost consciousness. As promised, defendant exited the pipe at approximately 5:00 p.m. and was taken into custody.
II. JUDICIAL FACT–FINDING AND RESTITUTION
Defendant contends that the restitution award should be vacated because he was entitled to have the amount of restitution determined by a jury under the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution. We disagree. A. STANDARD OF REVIEW
"A Sixth Amendment challenge presents a question of constitutional law that this Court reviews de novo." People v. Lockridge , 498 Mich. 358, 373, 870 N.W.2d 502 (2015). B. ANALYSIS
We previously rejected this argument in People v. Corbin , 312 Mich.App. 352, 371–373, 880 N.W.2d 2 (2015). In that case, we held that judicial fact-finding to determine the appropriate amount of restitution does not implicate a defendant's Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial. Id . at 372–373, 880 N.W.2d 2. Likewise, we expressly stated that the Michigan Supreme Court's recent decision in Lockridge , 498 Mich. 358, 870 N.W.2d 502, does not apply to "restitution orders entered in conjunction with sentencing." Corbin , 312 Mich.App. at 373 n. 5, 880 N.W.2d 2. We are bound by that decision. MCR 7.215(J)(1).
Additionally, like the defendant in Corbin , defendant's reliance on Southern Union Co. v. United States , 567 U.S. 343, 132 S.Ct. 2344, 183 L.Ed. 2d 318 (2012), is misplaced. In that case, the United States Supreme Court held that "the determination of any fact, other than the fact of a prior conviction, that increases a criminal defendant's maximum potential sentence," including a sentence consisting of a criminal fine, must be determined by a jury. Id . at 346, 360. As we observed in Corbin , "[a] criminal fine and restitution are not synonymous ...." Corbin , 312 Mich.App. at 372, 880 N.W.2d 2.
Accordingly, defendant's argument fails.
III. CALCULATION OF RESTITUTION
Defendant also argues that the trial court's award of restitution was an abuse of discretion because it was speculative, arbitrary, and based on costs or losses that are not eligible for reimbursement as restitution. Although we disagree with defendant's claim that the responding government entities necessarily are entitled to no restitution in this case, we agree with defendant that the trial court's restitution award was improper. A. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We generally "review a court's calculation of a restitution amount for an abuse of discretion and its factual findings for clear error." Corbin , 312 Mich.App. at 361, 880 N.W.2d 2 (citations omitted). "A trial court may abuse its discretion by blurring the distinction between a civil remedy for damages and the criminal penalty of restitution." Id . However, "when the question of restitution involves a matter of statutory interpretation, the issue is reviewed de novo as a question of law." People v. Dimoski , 286 Mich.App. 474, 476, 780 N.W.2d 896 (2009) ; see also Corbin , 312 Mich.App. at 361, 880 N.W.2d 2.
B. ANALYSIS
Crime victims have a right to restitution under both the Michigan Constitution and Michigan statutory law. People v. Bell , 276 Mich.App. 342, 346, 741 N.W.2d 57 (2007) ; see also Const. 1963, art. 1, § 24 ; MCL 769.1a ; MCL 780.766. "The purpose of restitution is to allow crime victims to recoup losses suffered as a result of criminal conduct." People v. Newton , 257 Mich.App. 61, 68, 665 N.W.2d 504 (2003) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
"The Crime Victim's Rights Act [ (CVRA) ], MCL 780.751 et seq ., determines whether a sentencing court's restitution order is appropriate." Newton , 257 Mich.App. at 68, 665 N.W.2d 504. Pursuant to MCL 780.766(2), "when sentencing a defendant convicted of a crime, the court shall order, in addition to or in lieu of any other penalty authorized by law or in addition to any other penalty required by law, that the defendant make full restitution to any victim of the defendant's course of conduct that gives rise to the conviction ...." A "victim" includes, among other things, a "governmental entity or any other legal entity that suffers direct physical or financial harm as a result of a crime." MCL 780.766(1) (punctuation omitted); see also Newton , 257 Mich.App. at 68–69, 665 N.W.2d 504.
Michigan's general restitution statute, MCL 769.1a, is substantively identical in all relevant respects to the provisions of the CVRA discussed in this opinion. See MCL 769.1a(1)(b) and (2).
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As we explained in Corbin , 312 Mich.App. at 360, 880 N.W.2d 2 :
The CVRA provides that the prosecution has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence the amount of the victim's loss. MCL 780.767(4). " MCL 780.766(2) requires a direct, causal relationship between the conduct underlying the convicted offense and the amount of restitution to be awarded." People v. McKinley , 496 Mich. 410, 421, 852 N.W.2d 770 (2014). This Court has held that court-ordered restitution is not a substitute for civil damages. People v. Tyler , 188 Mich.App. 83, 89, 468 N.W.2d 537 (1991).
Thus, "[t]he CVRA ... permits an award only for losses factually and proximately caused by the defendant's offense[.]" Corbin , 312 Mich.App. at 369, 880 N.W.2d 2 ; see also id . (describing factual and proximate causation). It does not permit restitution for "speculative or conjectural losses." Id . at 365, 880 N.W.2d 2. But "[w]here the evidence provides a reasonably certain factual foundation for a restitution amount, the statutory standard is met." Id . ; see also People v. Grant , 455 Mich. 221, 233–234, 565 N.W.2d 389 (1997) (considering a former version of the CVRA and indicating the information on which a trial court may rely in calculating restitution); People v. Guajardo , 213 Mich.App. 198, 200, 539 N.W.2d 570 (1995) (also interpreting a former version of the CVRA and concluding that the amount of restitution "should be based upon the evidence").
We agree with defendant that the CVRA does not permit a sentencing court to order restitution for the general costs of criminal investigations and prosecutions. In People v. Crigler , 244 Mich.App. 420, 422, 427, 625 N.W.2d 424 (2001), we held that a law enforcement agency can "obtain restitution of buy money lost to a defendant as a result of the defendant's criminal act of selling controlled substances," which was never recovered by the police. Recognizing that an entity must incur " ‘physical, financial, or emotional harm’ " as a result of the crime in order to be entitled to restitution under MCL 780.766(1), we noted that "harm" is defined in the dictionary "using the words ‘injury,’ ‘damage,’ and ‘hurt.’ " Id . at 426 (citation omitted). Accordingly, we concluded that "the permanent loss" of the buy money was a financial harm to the law enforcement agency, reasoning that law enforcement's ability to conduct narcotics purchases in future investigations is impaired when the agency is unable to recover buy money from narcotics purchases that result in convictions. Id . We also drew the following distinction between the loss of the buy money and the law enforcement agency's other expenses:
[T]here is nothing in the statutory language that suggests that when the financial loss takes place during the course of a criminal investigation, no "harm" occurs. The loss of buy money is qualitatively
unlike the expenditure of other money related to a criminal investigation, because it results directly from the crime itself; that is, the money is lost when it is exchanged for the controlled substance. The payment of salaries and overtime pay to the investigators, the purchase of surveillance equipment, the purchase and maintenance of vehicles, and other similar expenditures are "costs of investigation" unrelated to a particular defendant's criminal transaction. These expenditures would occur whether or not a particular defendant was found to be engaged in the sale of controlled substances. However, the loss of the buy money used to purchase specific controlled substances from the subject of a criminal investigation
directly results from the commission of a crime, and it causes financial harm to the governmental entity involved—the narcotics enforcement team. [ Id . at 427–427.]
Later, in Newton , we addressed "whether a law-enforcement agency that expends money investigating a defendant suffers direct ‘financial harm as a result of a crime.’ " Newton , 257 Mich.App. at 69, 665 N.W.2d 504 (referring to MCL 780.766(1) ). In that case, the trial court ordered the defendant to pay restitution for the overtime expenses incurred by the sheriff's department that investigated the defendant's crime. Id . at 62, 665 N.W.2d 504. We considered the distinction previously drawn, in dicta, by this Court in Crigler , 244 Mich.App. at 427, 625 N.W.2d 424, and concluded that the award of restitution was improper because "the general cost of investigating and prosecuting criminal activity is not direct ‘financial harm as a result of a crime.’ " Newton , 257 Mich.App. at 69–70, 665 N.W.2d 504 (emphasis added). Rather, "the cost of the investigation [in Newton ] would have been incurred without regard to whether [the] defendant was found to have engaged in criminal activity." Id . at 69, 665 N.W.2d 504. Similarly, in People v. Gaines , 306 Mich.App. 289, 323–324, 856 N.W.2d 222 (2014), we concluded that the trial court erred by ordering "restitution for officer investigation (24 hours for $864), a forensic analyst (102 hours for $3,672), and discs ($6.64)" because those costs were "comparable to costs of the investigation in Newton and distinguishable from the direct cost of the buy money paid in Crigler ."
In this case, defendant was ordered to pay $520.28 in restitution to the Calhoun County Sheriff's Department based solely on the overtime compensation paid to four employees; $3,000 in restitution to the Fredonia Township Fire Department, which apparently was based on the use of two fire engines and the presence of personnel from the department that responded to the scene, but adjusted according to the trial court's estimation; and $781 to the Marshall Fire Department based on the amount of compensation paid to two lieutenants of the Marshall Fire Department and the use of one fire engine, but reduced according to the trial court's estimation.
To the extent that the trial court awarded restitution based on routine overtime compensation or regular compensation, such an award was improper. A law enforcement agency is not entitled to restitution for regular or overtime compensation paid to its employees for performing their ordinary job functions. See Newton , 257 Mich.App. at 69–70, 665 N.W.2d 504 ; Gaines , 306 Mich.App. at 323–324, 856 N.W.2d 222. However, based on the exhibits and testimony admitted at the restitution hearing, we agree with the trial court that the responding authorities may be entitled to some restitution given the extraordinary amount of time invested by the fire and sheriff personnel solely due to defendant's calculated refusal to exit the pipe. We find it appropriate to draw such a distinction in this case because, for much of the day, no further investigation or emergency response would have been necessary but for defendant's deliberate decision to remain inside the pipe. The record shows that the emergency personnel arrived at the scene, determined that defendant was inside the pipe illegally, believed that defendant's safety was at risk given the strong odor inside the pipe, and instructed him to come out, but defendant refused, stating that he was going to stay inside the pipe until 5:00 p.m. It is clear that defendant's measured, illegal act prompted the expenditure of resources far beyond routine costs for investigation, prosecution, or emergency response that would ordinarily be expended to investigate or evacuate an individual in a pipe. Likewise, the record provides support for a finding that at least some of the expenses incurred by responding governmental entities specifically resulted from defendant's conscious decision to remain inside the pipe for several hours; therefore, these expenses qualify as " ‘direct ... financial harm as a result of a crime.’ " Gaines , 306 Mich.App. at 322, 856 N.W.2d 222, quoting MCL 780.766(1). It would be illogical to conclude that the time and resources invested by the emergency responders for the duration of the incident were wholly "ordinary" or "routine." The incident was assessed and the investigation was completed early in the day, it was readily apparent that defendant's conduct was illegal, see MCL 750.81d(1) ; MCL 750.552, and it was defendant's choice to persist in his conduct at a substantial cost to responding authorities. The governmental entities were required to remain on site for 8 to 10 hours simply because defendant refused to exit the hazardous pipe, and the agencies did not want to unnecessarily endanger the safety of emergency personnel by performing an avoidable "confined space rescue." Accordingly, we conclude that this extended investment of resources was distinct from "the general cost of investigation and prosecuting criminal activity" or " ‘costs of investigation’ unrelated to a particular defendant's criminal transaction," which would not be recoverable as restitution. See Gaines , 306 Mich.App. at 323, 856 N.W.2d 222 ; Newton , 257 Mich.App. at 69–70, 665 N.W.2d 504 ; Crigler , 244 Mich.App. at 427, 625 N.W.2d 424. Rather, the costs incurred in this case appear more analogous to a loss of buy money, or a financial loss that "results directly from the crime itself[.]" Crigler , 244 Mich.App. at 427, 625 N.W.2d 424 ; see also Gaines , 306 Mich.App. at 323, 856 N.W.2d 222 ; Newton , 257 Mich.App. at 69–70, 665 N.W.2d 504.
However, even if the governmental entities may be entitled to some restitution in this case, the record does not reveal the point at which their losses shifted from ordinary costs of investigation to financial losses directly resulting from this particular defendant's criminal activity. Further, even if this distinction were clear, the prosecution did not establish a reasonably certain factual foundation for these expenses in the trial court. Corbin , 312 Mich.App. at 365, 880 N.W.2d 2. The proffered exhibits and testimony do not provide any basis for understanding how the rates used for the calculations were developed or whether the stated "costs" actually constitute financial harm—meaning "injury," "damage," or "hurt," see Crigler , 244 Mich.App. at 426, 625 N.W.2d 424 —to the entities for purposes of MCL 780.766(1). The evidence also does not distinguish between routine costs and additional expenses that were caused by defendant's extraordinary conduct in this case. Further, the trial court adjusted the restitution calculations without any basis in the record, instead altering the restitution amounts on the basis of what it believed to be "the best common sense solution ... based on [its] experience ...." Consequently, similar to Corbin , 312 Mich.App. at 368, 880 N.W.2d 2, the trial court in this case essentially selected an arbitrary amount of restitution by attempting to make an "informed guess" about the appropriate amount of restitution. This approach is not consistent with the statutory standard, which requires a "reasonably certain factual foundation for a restitution amount ...." Id . at 365, 880 N.W.2d 2.
In sum, the prosecution failed to demonstrate, with reasonable certainty, the resources expended by the governmental entities in connection with defendant's criminal activity beyond the ordinary costs of investigation or operation. See Newton , 257 Mich.App. at 69–70, 665 N.W.2d 504 ; Corbin , 312 Mich.App. at 360, 365, 880 N.W.2d 2. Accordingly, the trial court abused its discretion by ordering defendant to pay restitution based on the requests and information proffered by the prosecution. See Corbin , 312 Mich.App. at 361, 880 N.W.2d 2.
On remand, however, the prosecution may seek leave in the trial court to conduct a second restitution hearing. See id . at 371, 373, 880 N.W.2d 2. If the prosecution chooses to pursue restitution on behalf of these governmental entities, it must establish, with reasonable certainty, the amount of any loss that (1) did not constitute an ordinary, general cost of investigation or operation and (2) was directly caused by defendant's criminal offense. See Corbin , 312 Mich.App. at 365, 880 N.W.2d 2 ; Newton , 257 Mich.App. at 69–70, 665 N.W.2d 504 ; Crigler , 244 Mich.App. at 427, 625 N.W.2d 424.
Again, the governmental entities may not recover salary or overtime compensation that is equivalent to that paid as a " ‘cost[ ] of investigation’ unrelated to a particular defendant's criminal transaction." Newton , 257 Mich.App. at 69, 665 N.W.2d 504 ; Crigler , 244 Mich.App. at 427, 625 N.W.2d 424. The exhibits proffered in connection with the restitution hearing were insufficient to establish this distinction because they merely identified a "rate" for each category of personnel and calculated a restitution value by multiplying that rate by 10, the number of hours spent on the scene. Also, again, routine purchase or maintenance costs associated with the fire engines and other equipment are not eligible for restitution. Newton , 257 Mich.App. at 69–70, 665 N.W.2d 504 ; Crigler , 244 Mich.App. at 427, 625 N.W.2d 424. Accordingly, if the prosecution seeks restitution on remand based on direct physical or financial loss , harm , or damage related to the equipment used by the departments, see Newton , 257 Mich.App. at 68, 665 N.W.2d 504 ; Crigler , 244 Mich.App. at 426, 625 N.W.2d 424, the prosecution must establish that loss with a "reasonably certain factual foundation," Corbin , 312 Mich.App. at 365, 880 N.W.2d 2. The exhibits also were insufficient in that regard; it is apparent that the amounts provided do not identify property or financial assets that were lost, damaged, or harmed, if any, because the amounts provided are calculations based on designated standard "rates" multiplied by the number of hours on site. See Crigler , 244 Mich.App. at 426–427, 625 N.W.2d 424. Information concerning the value of the loss, damage, or harm is crucial for restitution to be justified in this case given the clear "qualitative" distinction drawn by the Crigler Court between the loss of buy money, i.e. , a loss directly resulting from the crime itself, and commonplace monetary expenses like the purchase and maintenance of vehicles or other equipment, i.e. , ordinary costs that are "unrelated to a particular defendant's criminal transaction." Id . at 427.
IV. CONCLUSION
The restitution award in this case constituted an abuse of discretion. Accordingly, we vacate the restitution order and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
Hoekstra, P.J., and Saad and Riordan, JJ., concurred.