Opinion
Submitted Oct. 15, 1985.
Released For Publication Feb. 2, 1987.
Page 425
Frank J. Kelley, Atty. Gen., Louis J. Caruso, Sol. Gen., Christopher S. Boyd, Pros. Atty., and Kay F. Pearson, Asst. Pros. Atty., for the People.
State Appellate Defender by P.E. Bennett, for defendant-appellant on appeal.
Before V.J. BRENNAN, P.J., and BEASLEY and NOECKER, JJ.
James P. Noecker, 45th Judicial Circuit Judge, sitting on Court of Appeals by assignment pursuant to Const. 1963, Art. 6, Sec. 23, as amended 1968.
V.J. BRENNAN, Presiding Judge.
Defendant appeals as of right from a March 29, 1984, judgment following a bench trial. The trial court found defendant guilty of one count of criminal sexual conduct in the first degree (CSC 1), M.C.L. Sec. 750.520b; M.S.A. Sec. 28.788(2), one count of extortion, M.C.L. Sec. 750.213; M.S.A. Sec. 28.410, and one count of possession of a firearm during the commission or attempted commission of a felony, M.C.L. Sec. 750.227b; M.S.A. Sec. 28.424(2). Defendant was given a life sentence for the CSC 1 conviction, a sentence of from twenty to thirty years for the extortion conviction, and the mandatory two years for the felony-firearm conviction.
The complainant testified that she was driving to her sister's house on September 23, 1983, to drop off her two-year-old daughter before going to work when she stopped at a traffic light at the intersection of Hill and Genesee in Saginaw at approximately 5:30 a.m. While she was stopped at the light, the defendant opened the car door and, pointed a gun in her face and told her to move over. After driving for a few minutes, the defendant blindfolded her and brought her to a white brick building. They walked through a doorway of beads and the defendant sat her on the bed and told her to undress. The complainant, who was wearing a two-piece suit, removed her nylons and underpants and defendant raped her.
The defendant then put a sweatshirt over the complainant's and her daughter's heads and they left the apartment. The defendant asked her her name and where she lived, and she gave him her name and an incorrect address. She was told by the defendant that if she reported the incident to anybody, he would come after her and her daughter and hurt them. After getting into the car, defendant took ten dollars and the complainant's driver's license from her purse. The defendant explained that if she did not tell anybody about the attack he would mail the license back to her in a couple of days, but otherwise he would hurt her or her daughter. After defendant left the car, she drove back to her apartment and the police were eventually called. On September 28, the complainant's father found her driver's license in her mailbox.
Defendant claims that the trial court erred by allowing expert testimony concerning a blood type test. Robert Avery, a lab scientist who analyzed body fluids, testified at trial that a seminal stain was found on the interior lining of the complainant's skirt. According to Avery, the stain was a type A secretion which could not have been secreted by the complainant because she was a type B secretor. Avery stated that defendant is a type A secretor.
Avery testified that from eighty to eighty-five percent of the population are secretors, defined as persons who secrete their blood grouping within their body fluids. Nonsecretors do not secrete their body blood grouping within their body fluids. Avery testified that forty-three percent of all secretors, which would include defendant, are type A secretors. Thus, Avery concluded that defendant could not be eliminated as a possible source of the seminal stains found on the inside liner of the complainant's skirt, nor could between thirty-two and thirty-six percent of the rest of the population.
Defendant counsel did not object to Avery's testimony.
At the present time, there is a split among the various panels of this Court which have considered the issue of the admissibility of blood typing tests such as admitted in this case. On the one hand, the test has been excluded by certain panels considering the issue. See People v. Sturdivant, 91 Mich.App. 128, 283 N.W.2d 669 (1979), lv. den. 407 Mich. 933 (1979), People v. White, 102 Mich.App. 156, 301 N.W.2d 837 (1980), and People v. McMillen, 126 Mich.App. 211, 336 N.W.2d 895 (1983).
On the other hand, several panels of the Court have found blood typing evidence to be admissible. In People v. Camon, 110 Mich.App. 474, 313 N.W.2d 322 (1981), lv. den. 414 Mich. 859 (1982), evidence from a secretor test indicated that fluids present on the complainant's panties came from persons who were secretors with type A and type O blood. Blood and saliva samples revealed the complainant to be a type A secretor and the defendant to be a type O secretor. The Court observed that approximately thirty-six percent of the population at large are type O secretors.
The Court held that the trial court did not err in allowing the introduction of the evidence. The Court stated that, under MRE 401, the test of relevancy is whether evidence has any tendency to make the existence of any material fact more or less probable. Camon, supra, p. 480, 313 N.W.2d 322. The Court also stated that the blood type evidence admitted at trial provided one additional circumstance contributing to the identification of the defendant, and that the objection of remoteness goes to weight and is more appropriately a matter for argument before the jury. Id.
The decision in Sturdivant was also rejected in People v. Horton,Id 99 Mich.App. 40, 297 N.W.2d 857 (1980), vacated and remanded on other grounds 410 Mich. 865, 301 N.W.2d 775 (1980). In Horton, seminal fluid found on a bedsheet was produced by a nonsecretor male, and the defendant, like twenty percent of the population at large, was a nonsecretor. In declining to follow Sturdivant, supra, the Court stated that the overwhelming majority of courts allow the use of blood grouping evidence in criminal trials. Horton, supra, p. 50, 297 N.W.2d 857. The Court pointed out that the Court in Sturdivant based its decision on the provisions of the Paternity Act, M.C.L. Sec. 722.716; M.S.A. Sec. 25.496, banning the use of this sort of evidence in paternity proceedings except to protect a putative father. Horton, supra, p. 50, 297 N.W.2d 857. The statute was amended in 1982 to make blood type tests admissible, 1982 P.A. 129, Sec. 1. The Horton Court did not find the reasoning of Sturdivant persuasive and stated that whatever legislative policies and considerations might have led to his rule do not affect the practices of the Court in criminal proceedings. . The Court said deposits of blood and other identifiable bodily substances do not differ from other pieces of physical evidence which show possible connections between defendants and criminal acts, and that the weight of such evidence is for the jury's determination. Horton, supra p. 51, 297 N.W.2d 857. In People v. Thorin, 126 Mich.App. 293, 336 N.W.2d 913 (1983), the Court stated that cases decided since Sturdivant, supra, and Horton, supra, have followed the Horton rationale. Thorin, supra p. 302, 336 N.W.2d 913. The Court concluded that the Horton rationale is the better view, stating that blood type evidence which places the defendant within the group of the population is relevant in that it does have some tendency to make the existence of a fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more or less probable than it would be without the evidence. Thorin, supra, p. 303, 336 N.W.2d 913.
The cases allowing the introduction of such testimony are persuasive. However, we point out that, standing alone, such testimony without any other strong admissible evidence tending to show the defendant's guilt would indeed be inadmissible. We stated in McMillen that admission of such evidence was error, but harmless error because the defendant was identified by the complainant. Here, we are going a step further and departing from the McMillen approach and we find that admission of the blood typing evidence is not error when there is other competent evidence linking defendant to the crime, when the jurors have been properly cautioned about the use of such evidence in their deliberations, and when a proper foundation has been laid for admission of such evidence.
In this case, the complainant positively identified the defendant as her assailant. Fibers from the blue sweatshirt worn by defendant on the day of the attack were found on the complainant's skirt. Fibers from a yellow blanket at the alleged site of the rape were found on the complainant's skirt. Fibers from the defendant's sweatshirt were also found on the complainant's blouse. The defendant also told police officers that he committed the crime.
The defendant told his cousin, Noel Nerio, that he had picked up a woman and her child, brought them to his apartment, and raped the woman. Nerio testified that defendant told him that he had taken money from her, forced his way into her car, and blindfolded her with a shirt. Barney Nowicki, a friend of the defendant, testified that in late September defendant said that he took from a lady with a child ten dollars and her driver's license, which he said he would give back to her in the future. Nowicki testified that defendant showed him the license and later told him that he had put in her mailbox. Karen Gutierrez, a friend of the defendant, testified that defendant told her that he had taken a woman's driver's license so that she would not go to the police, and that he later took it to her house and put it in her mailbox. Gutierrez further testified that defendant told her that he had taken ten dollars from the woman, that the incident happened at around 5 a.m. and that a little girl was with the woman.
Finally, the complainant testified that defendant told her that if she did not go to the authorities he would return her driver's license to her. The complainant's father found the license in the mailbox on September 28. Eva Hartung testified that around noon on September 28 she observed defendant in his car near the complainant's apartment complex.
We believe that the evidence here was relevant under MRE 401 since it placed defendant within a smaller group of the population which could have committed the rape. The evidence here significantly narrowed the number of people who could have committed the rape. We agree with the Horton Court that the weight to be given to such evidence is for the jury's determination. The objection of remoteness goes to weight and is more appropriately a matter for argument before the jury. Camon, supra, 110 Mich.App. p. 480, 313 N.W.2d 322.
The danger of unfair prejudice does not outweigh the probative value of the evidence. As the Court in People v. Goree, 132 Mich.App. 693, 349 N.W.2d 220 (1984), points out, MRE 403 does not exclude evidence because it simply prejudices the cause of the objecting party, but, rather, excludes only unfairly prejudicial evidence. Any unfair prejudice created by the introduction of such evidence can be eliminated by proper cross-examination, argument, instructions by the court, and the jury's common sense. Goree, supra, p. 703, 349 N.W.2d 220. These precautions should prevent the jury from placing undue emphasis on such testimony and enable it to put the evidence in its proper statistical light. In our opinion, such precautions will prevent any unfair prejudice and lead the jury to recognize that blood typing evidence is not conclusive the defendant's guilt but only increases the probability of that fact.
We do note that, as the Court in Horton, supra, 99 Mich.App. p. 50, 297 N.W.2d 857, and Thorin, supra, 126 Mich.App. p. 302, 336 N.W.2d 913, pointed out, the majority of courts considering this issue have allowed the introduction of blood grouping evidence in criminal trials. We, likewise, hold that such evidence is admissible when there is other competent admissible evidence and the safeguards mentioned in this opinion are present.
The next question is whether the defendant's threat to hurt the complainant if she reported the rape to the police constitutes extortion, M.C.L. Sec. 750.213; M.S.A. Sec. 28.410.
The complainant testified that as they were leaving the apartment defendant asked her name and address and that she told him her name and an incorrect address. She testified that defendant told her that if she reported the incident to the authorities he would come after her and her daughter and hurt them. When in the car, defendant took her driver's license and address book from her purse and told her that if she did not report the attack to anybody, he would mail the license back to her in a couple of days. Otherwise, according to the complainant, defendant stated that he would hurt her or her daughter.
M.C.L. Sec. 750.213; M.S.A. Sec. 28.410 states:
"Any person who shall, either orally or by a written or printed communication, maliciously threaten to accuse another of any crime or offense, or shall orally or by any written or printed communication maliciously threaten any injury to the person or property or mother, father, husband, wife or child of another with intent thereby to extort money or any pecuniary advantage whatever, or with intent to compel the person so threatened to do or refrain from doing any act against his will, shall be guilty of a felony, punishable by imprisonment in the state prison nor more than twenty years or by a fine of not more than ten thousand [10,000] dollars."
In People v. Krist, 97 Mich.App. 669, 676, 296 N.W.2d 139 (1980), lv. den. 409 Mich. 936 (1980), the Court stated that prosecutions for statutory extortion have generally been characterized by threats of future harm if the victim does not comply with the extortionist's wishes.
Convictions affirmed.