Summary
In Traylor, the court explained that a house used as a place of abode constitutes a dwelling, regardless of whether the house is presently occupied.
Summary of this case from Powell v. BerghuisOpinion
Docket No. 78-5303.
Decided September 16, 1980.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Edward Reilly Wilson, Principal Attorney, Appeals, and Frank J. Bernacki, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
John C. Mouradian, for defendant on appeal.
Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of breaking and entering an occupied dwelling with intent to commit larceny therein, MCL 750.110; MSA 28.305, and subsequently was sentenced to probation for a term of five years. Defendant appeals as of right.
The complainant testified that, in an unrelated incident, someone had set fire to his house. Temporarily, he was living elsewhere, but was checking the house daily. He and defendant knew one another and lived on the same street. Four days after the fire, defendant broke and entered complainant's house. On that date the house was not liveable due to the fire, water damage resulting from the fire department's efforts to extinguish the fire, and the fact that the water pipes had burst. Complainant further testified that he had intended to return to his home and not to abandon it, and did in fact return one week after the B E.
Another witness, Alvin Cobb, testified that he saw defendant and another man on the porch of complainant's house on the day of the crime. Shortly thereafter, he notified the police.
Officer Simpson testified that, when arriving at the house, he saw defendant in the backyard of the house holding what appeared to be a portable radio. When the man attempted to flee, Officer Simpson fired his weapon. Officer Simpson testified that he saw a lamp, a vacuum cleaner, and several other objects in the backyard at that time. A flashlight was found on Mark Dunne, arrested with defendant.
As a result of the shooting, defendant was paralyzed. Defendant contended throughout the trial that he and Mark Dunne had entered the house because they saw two other men enter it. Furthermore, throughout the trial defendant contended that the criminal case was a coverup to insulate the police or the city from civil liability.
Defendant raises a number of issues, only two of which merit discussion.
Defendant initially claims that the trial court's instruction on unanimous verdicts was coercive, as it foreclosed the jury from being deadlocked. We disagree. The substance of the instruction was that a verdict in a criminal case must be unanimous. This is a correct statement of the law. See People v Burden, 395 Mich. 462, 468-469; 236 N.W.2d 505 (1975), GCR 1963, 512.1.
Moreover, the instruction must be viewed in the context in which it was given. The jury had already been excused and had begun deliberations when it sent a note to the court, the precise substance of which is not disclosed in the record. The court had already instructed the jury regarding the principal charge in count I of the information, viz., breaking and entering an occupied dwelling with intent to commit larceny therein, as well as instructing the jury on the lesser-included offense of B E of an unoccupied dwelling, upon the prosecutor's request therefor. The court had also instructed on the charge contained in count II, larceny in a building. In instructing the jury following receipt of the note the court at no time said that the jury must find defendant guilty or not guilty only of the principal charge of B E of an occupied dwelling or only of the other offenses for which instructions were given. Finally, at all times during deliberations the jury had in its possession a verdict form, enumerating all offenses upon which they were instructed, which form contained appropriate spaces where the jury could enter a verdict of guilty or not guilty on each such offense. Viewing the disputed instruction with reference to the earlier instructions on the charged offenses and one lesser-included offense, and with reference to the verdict form which apprised the jury of the verdict options available to it, we conclude that the court's later instruction on unanimous verdicts necessarily was intended to inform the jury that they could find defendant guilty or not guilty of any of the three instructed-upon offenses, as the evidence and their consciences dictated. As such, we do not find it coercive or otherwise infirm. See People v Henry, 395 Mich. 367, 370-374; 236 N.W.2d 489 (1975).
Defendant also urges us to find reversible error in the court's ruling that there was sufficient record evidence to support a finding beyond a reasonable doubt that the complainant's house was occupied on the date of the offense. The court's ruling to this effect came after defense counsel moved for a directed verdict of acquittal following presentation of the people's case against defendant. Under People v Hampton, 407 Mich. 354, 366-368; 285 N.W.2d 284 (1979), there must be sufficient evidence presented on all elements of a criminal offense to justify a rational trier of fact in finding guilt beyond a reasonable doubt before a trial judge may properly deny a motion for a directed verdict.
Under Michigan law, a residence need not in fact be occupied when the offense takes place in order for the offense to constitute a breaking and entering of an occupied dwelling. People v Guerrero, 57 Mich. App. 316, 319; 225 N.W.2d 746 (1975). Any dwelling house habitually used as a place of abode, whether or not an occupant is physically present at the time of the breaking and entering, is an occupied dwelling within the meaning of the statute under which defendant was convicted. When an inhabitant intends to remain in a dwelling as his residence, and has left it for a temporary purpose, such absence does not change the dwelling into an unoccupied one in the eyes of the law. The intent to return following an absence controls; the duration of the absence is not material. Nor is the structure's habitability germane. People v Martin, 26 Mich. App. 359; 182 N.W.2d 625 (1970), People v Collins, 20 Mich. App. 571; 174 N.W.2d 285 (1969), People v Larson, 20 Mich. App. 301; 174 N.W.2d 82 (1969), People v Birts, 16 Mich. App. 237; 167 N.W.2d 829 (1969).
In this case, we have the complainant's uncontroverted testimony that his absence from his home was a temporary one due to fire and attendant water damage, and because the water pipes had burst. We have his statement that he intended to return to his residence and did not intend to abandon it, and that he, in fact, returned but one week after the B E. We find this evidence sufficient to satisfy us beyond a reasonable doubt that the dwelling was occupied, as that term is used in MCL 750.110; MSA 28.305. Accordingly, the trial judge's refusal to grant defendant's motion for a directed verdict was proper.
We find no error requiring remand or reversal and, therefore, affirm.
Affirmed.