Opinion
2014-02-7
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Jeffrey THOMAS, Defendant–Appellant.
Trevett Cristo Salzer & Andolina P.C., Rochester (Eric M. Dolan of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant. Sandra Doorley, District Attorney, Rochester (Matthew Dunham of Counsel), for Respondent.
Trevett Cristo Salzer & Andolina P.C., Rochester (Eric M. Dolan of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant. Sandra Doorley, District Attorney, Rochester (Matthew Dunham of Counsel), for Respondent.
PRESENT: SCUDDER, P.J., SMITH, CENTRA, CARNI AND WHALEN, JJ.
MEMORANDUM:
On appeal from a judgment convicting him upon a jury verdict of criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree (Penal Law § 265.03[3] ), defendant contends that there was evidence that he possessed both a revolver and a pistol and thus that he may have been convicted of an unindicted offense. “Because defendant's right to be tried and convicted of only those crimes charged in the indictment is fundamental and nonwaivable, we reach this issue despite the fact that it is unpreserved” (People v. McNab, 167 A.D.2d 858, 858, 562 N.Y.S.2d 590). We nevertheless reject defendant's contention. Defendant was charged with possessing “a loaded pistol and/or revolver.” Prosecution witnesses testified that defendant fired at the victim with a revolver in one hand and a pistol in the other, and that the victim died from a gunshot wound to the chest from a .38 caliber revolver. The prosecution also presented as evidence defendant's statement to the police wherein he admitted that he possessed a 9 millimeter pistol but denied that he possessed a revolver. Defendant presented testimony that he did not have a weapon. There was no evidence that defendant possessed more than two loaded weapons ( cf. People v. Ball, 57 A.D.3d 1444, 1445, 871 N.Y.S.2d 532, lv. denied12 N.Y.3d 755, 876 N.Y.S.2d 707, 904 N.E.2d 844), or that he possessed a weapon of a type different from the weapons alleged in the indictment. We therefore conclude that the jury did not convict him of an unindicted crime and that the prosecution did not usurp the authority of the grand jury to determine the charges ( cf. id.; McNab, 167 A.D.2d at 858, 562 N.Y.S.2d 590). Here, the indictment gave defendant the requisite notice of the charge against him ( cf. Ball, 57 A.D.3d at 1445, 871 N.Y.S.2d 532; McNab, 167 A.D.2d at 858, 562 N.Y.S.2d 590), to enable him to prepare a defense ( see generally People v. Grega, 72 N.Y.2d 489, 495–496, 534 N.Y.S.2d 647, 531 N.E.2d 279).
Defendant also implicitly contends that the indictment is facially duplicitous because it charges two offenses in one count ( see generally CPL 200.30[1]; People v. Bauman, 12 N.Y.3d 152, 154–155, 878 N.Y.S.2d 235, 905 N.E.2d 1164), and thus that reversal is required because the verdict may not have been unanimous with respect to which weapon or weapons he possessed. Defendant failed to preserve that contention for our review, however, inasmuch as he did not challenge the indictment as duplicitous within 45 days of his arraignment on the indictment ( seeCPL 255.20[1]; People v. Brown, 82 A.D.3d 1698, 1700, 919 N.Y.S.2d 674, lv. denied17 N.Y.3d 792, 929 N.Y.S.2d 100, 952 N.E.2d 1095). In any event, we reject defendant's contention. Here, “[t]here was no violation of the requirement of a unanimous verdict, since the single count of second-degree weapon possession had a single factual basis, that is, the People's theory that, in a brief, continuing incident, defendant ... possessed [one or two loaded weapons] as part of a ... criminal enterprise” (People v. Jones, 64 A.D.3d 427, 428, 881 N.Y.S.2d 294, lv. denied13 N.Y.3d 797, 887 N.Y.S.2d 546, 916 N.E.2d 441; cf. Bauman, 12 N.Y.3d at 155, 878 N.Y.S.2d 235, 905 N.E.2d 1164). “ ‘Plainly there is no general requirement that the jury reach agreement on the preliminary factual issues which underlie the verdict’ ” (People v. Mateo, 2 N.Y.3d 383, 408, 779 N.Y.S.2d 399, 811 N.E.2d 1053, cert. denied542 U.S. 946, 124 S.Ct. 2929, 159 L.Ed.2d 828, quoting Schad v. Arizona, 501 U.S. 624, 632, 111 S.Ct. 2491, 115 L.Ed.2d 555, reh. denied501 U.S. 1277, 112 S.Ct. 28, 115 L.Ed.2d 1109), i.e., which particular loaded weapon or weapons defendant possessed. Indeed, “the jury need not necessarily concur in a single view of the transaction, in order to reach a verdict ... ‘[I]f the conclusion may be justified upon [more than one] interpretation[ ] of the evidence, the verdict cannot be impeached by showing that a part of the jury proceeded upon one interpretation and part upon the other’ ” (id. at 408, 779 N.Y.S.2d 399, 811 N.E.2d 1053 n. 13, quoting People v. Sullivan, 173 N.Y. 122, 127, 65 N.E. 989).
Finally, we reject defendant's challenge to the severity of the sentence.
It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously affirmed.