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holding that it is necessary for a trial court to articulate its reasons for the extent of a departure sentence imposed, to permit appellate review of whether the trial court abided by the principle of proportionality
Summary of this case from People v. BeatyOpinion
No. 318329
12-05-2017
PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Alexander Jeremy STEANHOUSE, Defendant-Appellant.
State Appellate Defender (by Chari K. Grove ) for Alexander J. Steanhouse.
State Appellate Defender (by Chari K. Grove ) for Alexander J. Steanhouse.
Before: , and Servitto and Stephens, JJ.
ON REMAND
M. J. Kelly, P.J.This case returns to this Court after remand by the Michigan Supreme Court, which ordered this Court to review Alexander Steanhouse's sentence in accordance with its decision in People v. Steanhouse , 500 Mich. 453, 461, 902 N.W.2d 327 (2017) ( Steanhouse II ). Because we conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in applying the principle of proportionality by failing to provide adequate reasons for the extent of the departure sentence imposed, we reverse and remand for resentencing.
I. BASIC FACTS
A jury convicted Steanhouse of assault with intent to commit murder, MCL 750.83, and receiving or concealing stolen property, MCL 750.535(3)(a). Although Steanhouse's minimum sentencing guidelines range was 171 to 285 months, the trial court departed upward and sentenced him to 30 to 60 years' imprisonment for the assault conviction and to one to five years' imprisonment for the receiving or concealing stolen property conviction.At the time Steanhouse was sentenced, a trial court could depart upward from the minimum guidelines range only for substantial and compelling reasons. See MCL 769.34(3). However, in People v. Lockridge , 498 Mich. 358, 364-365, 870 N.W.2d 502 (2015), after determining that the legislative sentencing guidelines were unconstitutional, our Supreme Court struck down that requirement and held that a departure sentence must instead "be reviewed by appellate courts for reasonableness." Steanhouse appealed his convictions and sentences in this Court. We affirmed his convictions, determined that the proper framework for reviewing a departure sentence for reasonableness was to apply the principle of proportionality standard set forth in People v. Milbourn , 435 Mich. 630, 461 N.W.2d 1 (1990), and concluded that because the trial court had not been aware that its departure sentence would be reviewed under the Milbourn standard, it was proper to remand the case to the trial court for a Crosby hearing as set forth in Lockridge . People v. Steanhouse , 313 Mich.App. 1, 42, 44-49, 880 N.W.2d 297 (2015) ( Steanhouse I ).
United States v. Crosby , 397 F.3d 103 (C.A. 2, 2005).
Steanhouse and the prosecutor moved for leave to appeal in our Supreme Court. The Court granted the prosecutor's application, and it affirmed "that the proper inquiry when reviewing a sentence for reasonableness is whether the trial court abused its discretion by violating [ Milbourn's ] ‘principle of proportionality’ ...." Steanhouse II , 500 Mich. at 459-460, 902 N.W.2d 327. The Court, however, reversed this Court's opinion "to the extent [it] remanded to the trial court for further sentencing proceedings under [ Crosby ]." Id . at 460, 902 N.W.2d 327. On remand, this Court is directed to consider whether the trial court's departure sentence was reasonable under the Milbourn standard. Id . at 461, 902 N.W.2d 327.
The Supreme Court also granted leave to appeal in People v. Masroor , 313 Mich.App. 358, 880 N.W.2d 812 (2015), rev'd in part by Steanhouse II , 500 Mich. at 460-461, 902 N.W.2d 327, and it consolidated the cases.
II. PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY
A. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Steanhouse argues that the trial court's sentence was unreasonable because it was not proportional under the Milbourn standard. We review for reasonableness a trial court's decision to depart from the applicable sentencing guidelines range. Lockridge , 498 Mich. at 365, 870 N.W.2d 502. When reviewing a departure sentence for reasonableness, we must review "whether the trial court abused its discretion by violating the principle of proportionality set forth" in Milbourn . Steanhouse II , 500 Mich. at 477, 902 N.W.2d 327. A trial court abuses its discretion if it violates the principle of proportionality test "by failing to provide adequate reasons for the extent of the departure sentence imposed...." Id . at 476, 902 N.W.2d 327. In such cases, this Court must remand to the trial court for resentencing. Id .
B. ANALYSIS
Under the principle of proportionality standard, a sentence must be "proportionate to the seriousness of the circumstances surrounding the offense and the offender." Milbourn , 435 Mich. at 636, 461 N.W.2d 1. Accordingly, the sentencing court must impose a sentence that takes "into account the nature of the offense and the background of the offender." Id . at 651, 461 N.W.2d 1. Generally, sentences falling within the minimum sentencing guidelines range are presumptively proportionate. People v. Cotton , 209 Mich.App. 82, 85, 530 N.W.2d 495 (1995). However, a departure sentence may be imposed when the trial court determines that "the recommended range under the guidelines is disproportionate, in either direction, to the seriousness of the crime." Milbourn , 435 Mich. at 657, 461 N.W.2d 1. Factors that may be considered under the principle of proportionality standard include, but are not limited to:
We note, however, that under "unusual circumstances," a sentence within the guidelines range may "be disproportionately severe or lenient," which would result in a sentence that violates the principle of proportionality even though it is within the guidelines range. Milbourn , 435 Mich. at 661, 461 N.W.2d 1.
(1) the seriousness of the offense; (2) factors that were inadequately considered by the guidelines; and (3) factors
not considered by the guidelines, such as the relationship between the victim and the aggressor, the defendant's misconduct while in custody, the defendant's expressions of remorse, and the defendant's potential for rehabilitation. [ People v. Lawhorn , 320 Mich.App. 194, 207, 907 N.W.2d 832 (2017) (citation and quotation marks omitted).]
An appellate court must evaluate whether reasons exist to depart from the sentencing guidelines and whether the extent of the departure can satisfy the principle of proportionality. See Milbourn , 435 Mich. at 659-660, 461 N.W.2d 1 (recognizing that "[e]ven where some departure appears to be appropriate, the extent of the departure (rather than the fact of the departure itself) may embody a violation of the principle of proportionality"). Therefore, even in cases in which reasons exist to justify a departure sentence, the trial court's articulation of the reasons for imposing a departure sentence must explain how the extent of the departure is proportionate to the seriousness of the circumstances surrounding the offense and the offender. See People v. Smith , 482 Mich. 292, 304, 754 N.W.2d 284 (2008) ("When departing, the trial court must explain why the sentence imposed is more proportionate than a sentence within the guidelines recommendation would have been.").
The first inquiry in our reasonableness review is whether there were "circumstances that are not adequately embodied within the variables used to score the guidelines." Milbourn , 435 Mich. at 659-660, 461 N.W.2d 1. As reiterated in Steanhouse II , 500 Mich. at 474-475, 902 N.W.2d 327, quoting Lockridge , 498 Mich. at 391, 870 N.W.2d 502, "the guidelines ‘remain a highly relevant consideration in a trial court's exercise of sentencing discretion’ that trial courts ‘must consult’ and ‘take ... into account when sentencing.’ " (Quotation marks and citation omitted.) To conduct such an analysis, we must compare the stated reasons for exceeding the guidelines with the scored offense variables (OVs) to determine whether those reasons were already encompassed within the guidelines. Steanhouse I , 313 Mich.App. at 45-46, 880 N.W.2d 297. Specifically, we must determine whether the trial court abused its discretion by imposing a departure sentence without articulating whether the guidelines adequately took into account the conduct alleged to support the particular departure imposed. See id .
The trial court in this case articulated a few reasons in support of its decision to impose a departure sentence. First, it articulated that an upward departure was appropriate based on the "horrendous, brutal assault" on a young man who appeared to have been "rendered weak or incapacitated by his drug use at that time." However, we conclude that both the brutality of the assault and the fact that the victim was weak or incapacitated by drug use were not proper considerations because they were accounted for in the sentencing guidelines and the trial court offered no explanation for why they were given inadequate weight by the guidelines. See Milbourn , 435 Mich. at 659–660, 461 N.W.2d 1 (stating that trial court must consider whether the circumstances of a case are inadequately addressed by the guidelines). See also People v. Duncan , 494 Mich. 713, 723, 835 N.W.2d 399 (2013) ("A trial court necessarily abuses its discretion when it makes an error of law.").
A trial court must score OV 7 at 50 points if the offender treated the victim with "excessive brutality." MCL 777.37(1)(a). For the purpose of OV 7, excessive brutality requires savagery or cruelty beyond the usual brutality of the crime. People v. Glenn , 295 Mich.App. 529, 533, 814 N.W.2d 686 (2012), rev'd on other grounds by People v. Hardy , 494 Mich. 430, 835 N.W.2d 340 (2013). Here, the trial court expressly stated that scoring OV 7 was not appropriate because although the facts were "horrendous," they were not "indicative of something that would be beyond the convicted offense, beyond what's necessary for assault with intent to murder." We conclude that, having determined that the facts of this case only encompassed the usual brutality of an assault with intent to murder, the trial court's later decision to use the brutality of the crime to support an upward departure was not a valid consideration.
Similarly, the trial court's decision to depart upward on the basis that Steanhouse took advantage of a victim who was incapacitated or rendered weak by drug use also could have been addressed by the sentencing guidelines. OV 10 addresses the "exploitation of a vulnerable victim." MCL 777.40(1). Five points must be scored if "[t]he offender exploited a victim by his or her difference in size or strength, or both, or exploited a victim who was intoxicated, under the influence of drugs, asleep, or unconscious." MCL 777.40(1)(c). The guidelines indicate that "[t]he mere existence of 1 or more factors described in [ MCL 777.40(1) ] does not automatically equate with victim vulnerability." MCL 777.40(2). No points were assessed or scored for OV 10. Given that the trial court determined that the incapacitation was not significant enough to warrant a score under OV 10—which is the OV that expressly addresses exploitation of a victim incapacitated by drugs—we conclude that this was not a valid reason for departing upward. The trial court's third reason for imposing an upward departure was not accounted for in the sentencing guidelines. The court reasoned:
The term "exploit" is defined to mean "to manipulate a victim for selfish or unethical purposes," MCL 777.40(3)(b), while "vulnerability" refers to "the readily apparent susceptibility of a victim to injury, physical restraint, persuasion, or temptation," MCL 777.40(3)(c).
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[T]he action taken by you towards a person who considers you a friend does substantiate the thought that you are a person without a conscience, a person who's violent and depraved and that this is an assault that is quite shocking even to people who have been in the courts for 20 and more years.
In evaluating whether the departure sentence imposed for defendant is proportional in accordance with Milbourn , a factor to be considered, which is not adequately reflected in the guidelines, involves the "prior relationship" between defendant and the victim. Milbourn , 435 Mich. at 660, 461 N.W.2d 1. In Milbourn , the Court explained that a prior relationship between the offender and the victim can be either a "very mitigating circumstance or a very aggravating circumstance, depending upon the history of interaction between the parties." Id . at 660-661, 461 N.W.2d 1. In this case, the trial court viewed it as an aggravating circumstance. That finding is supported by the record, which shows that Steanhouse and the victim were frequently together at the victim's home, demonstrating that there was a degree of familiarity and trust between them. Steanhouse breached that trust by stealing items from the victim's home, soliciting a "reward" for their return, and then ultimately striking the victim with a wrench and slitting his throat.
In sum, two of the stated reasons for imposing a departure sentence were improper. The trial court only articulated a single valid reason for departing from the sentencing guidelines, and on this record it is unclear whether the court would have departed solely on the basis of the prior relationship between Steanhouse and his victim. Similarly, it is difficult to ascertain the trial court's reasoning or rationale for the extent of the departure imposed and to ascertain where on the "continuum from the least to the most serious situations" this case falls. Milbourn , 435 Mich. at 654, 461 N.W.2d 1. As discussed in Milbourn , it is necessary for a trial court to articulate its reasons for imposing a departure sentence in order to permit appellate review of whether the court abided by the principle of proportionality. Id . at 659-660, 461 N.W.2d 1. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court "abused its discretion in applying the principle of proportionality by failing to provide adequate reasons for the extent of the departure sentence imposed," so—in accordance with our Supreme Court's directive in Steanhouse II —we remand to the trial court for resentencing. Steanhouse II , 500 Mich. at 476, 902 N.W.2d 327.
Reversed and remanded for resentencing. We do not retain jurisdiction.
Servitto and Stephens, JJ., concurred with M. J. Kelly, P.J.