Opinion
Docket No. 201388.
Submitted December 4, 1997, at Grand Rapids.
Decided March 6, 1998, at 9:00 A.M.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, and Thomas Jay Weichel, Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
William A. Pfeifer, for the defendant.
Before: NEFF, P.J., and JANSEN and MARKEY, JJ.
The prosecutor appeals by leave granted the circuit court's order denying his pretrial motion in limine for admission of confidential communications allegedly made by defendant Gary Paul Schmidt to Susan Marie Craven during their common-law marriage, which was recognized by the state of Alabama, regarding the disappearance and death of defendant's first wife. We affirm.
I
Defendant and Craven met in Michigan and subsequently moved to Alabama together in 1985. The couple purchased a house together in Gulf Shores and, with the intent of marrying each other, they began living together as husband and wife. They held themselves out to the world as a married couple and were looked upon as being married. In June 1993, Craven filed for divorce. After a hearing before an Alabama circuit court, the judge ordered "[t]hat the bonds of matrimony previously existing between the plaintiff and defendant are dissolved and that they are forever divorced."
Subsequently, defendant was charged in Michigan with first-degree murder for the death of his prior wife, Cindy Schmidt. At the preliminary examination, defendant objected to the admission of testimony by Craven regarding statements allegedly made by defendant to Craven while the two lived as husband and wife in Alabama. Defendant claimed that the proposed testimony was protected by Michigan's confidential communications privilege pursuant to MCL 600.2162(2); MSA 27A.2162(2) because he and Craven had a valid common-law marriage at the time the statements were made. The district court recognized the privilege and refused to allow the testimony.
Despite this ruling, defendant was bound over for trial. The prosecutor filed a motion in limine in the circuit court, arguing that defendant's statements to Craven were not privileged because common-law marriages are not recognized in Michigan. The circuit court denied the prosecutor's motion, ruling that Michigan's confidential communications privilege applied to a common-law marriage that took place and was recognized in another state. Therefore, the court ruled that the proposed testimony of Craven would not be allowed at defendant's murder trial. The prosecutor now brings this interlocutory appeal pursuant to MCR 7.203(B).
II
Michigan's common-law spousal testimonial privileges were codified by the Legislature at MCL 600.2162; MSA 27A.2162. This statute provides for two distinct privileges. The first type, a spousal privilege, bars one spouse from testifying for or against the other spouse without the other spouse's consent where the witness and the spouse are married at the time of trial. At issue here is the second type, a confidential communications privilege, which precludes a spouse from testifying without the consent of the other spouse with regard to any confidential communication that occurred during the marriage. This privilege applies whether the testimony is sought during the marriage or afterwards, as long as the communication occurred during the course of the marriage. People v Zak, 184 Mich. App. 1, 17; 457 N.W.2d 59 (1990). MCL 600.2162; MSA 27A.2162 contains no exceptions with respect to the communications privilege. People v Hamacher, 432 Mich. 157, 162; 438 N.W.2d 43 (1989).
Of course, to fall under the marital communications privilege, the communication must be confidential. People v Byrd, 207 Mich. App. 599, 602; 525 N.W.2d 507 (1994). Although the prosecutor has requested a remand to make a separate record (a request also made to the trial court and denied), he has made no representation, either to the circuit court or to this Court, that Craven's proposed testimony is in regard to communications that fall outside the marital privilege. That is, the request to make a separate record has not been supported by any claim that some or all of Craven's testimony, if heard, would fall outside the privilege. As the proponent of the witness, the prosecutor presumably has knowledge of whether any of the testimony might be found to fall outside the privilege and yet he has failed to make any such claim.
As correctly noted by the prosecutor, the modern trend is to interpret testimonial privileges strictly. People v Fisher, 442 Mich. 560, 574; 503 N.W.2d 50 (1993); see People v Love, 425 Mich. 691, 700; 391 N.W.2d 738 (1986) ("Testimonial exclusionary rules and privileges contravene the fundamental principle that `the public . . . has a right to every man's evidence.'") (quoting Trammel v United States, 445 U.S. 40, 50; 100 S Ct 906; 63 L.Ed.2d 186). Despite this, however, the spousal privileges continue to apply to valid marriages. See Love, supra at 699.
III
Although common-law marriages have been proscribed in Michigan since 1957, other states, including Alabama, recognize common-law marriages as valid, and apply to them all marriage benefits, including the spousal privileges. See Crawford v State, 629 So.2d 745, 747 (Ala, 1993). Michigan follows the general rule that "a marriage valid where it is contracted is valid everywhere." In re Toth Estate, 50 Mich. App. 150, 152; 212 N.W.2d 812 (1973) (finding valid a marriage between first-degree cousins married in Hungary). Accordingly, this state will recognize the validity of a common-law marriage contracted in another state that would be valid by the laws of that state. We thus turn to Alabama common law and the facts before us to determine whether defendant and Craven had a valid common-law marriage at the time defendant allegedly made the statements at issue.
A valid common-law marriage exists in Alabama when the following elements are present: (1) a present, mutual, agreement to enter permanently into the marriage relationship to the exclusion of all other relationships; (2) parties who are legally capable of making the contract of marriage; and (3) public recognition of the relationship as a marriage and public assumption of marital duties and cohabitation. Stringer v Stringer, 689 So.2d 194, 195 (Ala, 1997). Here, defendant and Craven moved to Alabama with the present intent of marrying each other, and they lived together there as husband and wife. They held themselves out to the world as a married couple and were looked upon as being married. Further, defendant and Craven were issued a final decree of divorce in Alabama, which presumes a prior legal marriage. We find no clear error in the circuit court's determination that defendant and Craven established a valid common-law marriage under Alabama law.
The prosecutor was offered an opportunity to challenge these facts, which support the circuit court's finding of a valid Alabama common-law marriage, but declined to do so.
IV
The prosecutor urges this Court to hold that the confidential communications privilege should not be extended to valid common-law marriages contracted in states that recognize that form of marriage. This precise question has never been addressed by the appellate courts of this state.
Until now, this Court has been presented only with challenges to the validity of other states' marriages regarding the issues of property and probate. See, e.g., In re Borroughs Estate, 194 Mich. App. 196; 486 N.W.2d 113 (1992) (recognizing validity of Texas common-law marriage for purposes of probate proceeding); In re Brack Estate, 121 Mich. App. 585; 329 N.W.2d 432 (1982) (recognizing validity of Georgia common-law marriage for purposes of probate proceedings; Toth, supra (recognizing validity of common-law marriage contracted in Hungary in property dispute). The case most similar to the instant case is People v Van Dorsten (After Remand), 202 Mich. App. 293; 507 N.W.2d 831 (1993), in which this Court held that the spousal privilege did not apply to a bigamous marriage from Arizona: "We do not believe our Legislature intended to extend spousal immunity to marriages repugnant to both the law of this state and the law of the place where the marriage was entered into." Id. at 295 (emphasis added). A reasonable corollary is that spousal privileges apply to a marriage that was valid in either Michigan or the state where it was contracted.
We find further support for this conclusion in People v Suarez, 148 Misc.2d 95, 98; 560 N.Y.S.2d 68 (1990), a New York case in which the court found "persuasive" the defendant's argument that his common-law marriage in Ohio would entitle him to invoke New York's spousal privilege, even though New York does not recognize common-law marriages.
The court stated that "if the defendant entered into a valid common-law marriage in Ohio, New York will give that marriage full force and effect." Id.
The prosecutor argues that extending spousal privileges to common-law marriages is against the public policy of Michigan. This is a question properly left to the Legislature. Presumably, the Legislature could refuse to recognize common-law marriages if it chose to do so, as it has done with same-sex marriages in MCL 551.271(2); MSA 25.15(2) and MCL 551.272; MSA 25.16. We thus conclude that Michigan's spousal privileges must be extended to a common-law marriage contracted in a state that recognizes its validity.
V
Defendant and Craven had a valid common-law marriage in Alabama when defendant allegedly made certain statements about the death of his first wife. For purposes of MCL 600.2162(2); MSA 27A.2162(2), this common-law marriage is to be given the same legal significance as a marriage solemnized by ceremony. Accordingly, the circuit court properly determined that Craven may not testify regarding the confidential communications made by defendant during their common-law marriage.
Affirmed and remanded for trial. We do not retain jurisdiction.