Opinion
1275 KA 13–02115
12-22-2017
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Joseph J. SANTIAGO, Defendant–Appellant.
TIMOTHY P. DONAHER, PUBLIC DEFENDER, ROCHESTER, NEW YORK STATE DEFENDERS ASSOCIATION, ALBANY (ALFRED O'CONNOR OF COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT–APPELLANT. SANDRA DOORLEY, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, ROCHESTER (DANIEL GROSS OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.
TIMOTHY P. DONAHER, PUBLIC DEFENDER, ROCHESTER, NEW YORK STATE DEFENDERS ASSOCIATION, ALBANY (ALFRED O'CONNOR OF COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT–APPELLANT.
SANDRA DOORLEY, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, ROCHESTER (DANIEL GROSS OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.
PRESENT: WHALEN, P.J., SMITH, LINDLEY, NEMOYER, AND CURRAN, JJ.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
Memorandum:
Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him upon a jury verdict of murder in the second degree ( Penal Law § 125.25[1] ), and two counts of criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree (§ 265.03[1] [b]; [3] ), arising from allegations that he shot a man on a street in Rochester. Defendant contends that Supreme Court erred in permitting a witness to describe the perpetrator at trial, because that witness had previously viewed a photo array and identified defendant as the perpetrator to the police, and the People failed to provide a CPL 710.30 notice of the procedure.
We agree with defendant that, under the circumstances presented, the court erred in permitting the witness to describe the perpetrator and state that he resembled a particular popular musician, thereby implicitly identifying defendant as the perpetrator. The People admittedly did not provide the notice required by CPL 710.30 former (1)(b), and they failed to establish that the witness provided a description of the perpetrator before the identification procedure was conducted (cf. People v. Myrick, 66 N.Y.2d 903, 904, 498 N.Y.S.2d 773, 489 N.E.2d 742 [1985] ; People v. Sanders, 66 N.Y.2d 906, 908, 498 N.Y.S.2d 774, 489 N.E.2d 743 [1985] ; People v. Jones, 163 A.D.2d 911, 912, 558 N.Y.S.2d 774 [4th Dept. 1990], lv. denied 76 N.Y.2d 941, 563 N.Y.S.2d 70, 564 N.E.2d 680 [1990] ). Furthermore, although it appears that the witness had some familiarity with defendant, the court failed to hold a hearing at which the People could establish that "the witness is so familiar with the defendant that there is ‘little or no risk’ that police suggestion could lead to a misidentification" ( People v. Rodriguez, 79 N.Y.2d 445, 450, 583 N.Y.S.2d 814, 593 N.E.2d 268 [1992] ).
Nevertheless, we conclude that, because "the proof of defendant's guilt is overwhelming, and there is no significant probability that the error might have contributed to defendant's conviction[,] ... the error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt" ( People v. Peterkin, 245 A.D.2d 1050, 1051, 667 N.Y.S.2d 559 [4th Dept. 1997], lv denied 91 N.Y.2d 1011, 676 N.Y.S.2d 139, 698 N.E.2d 968 [1998] ; see People v. Thomas, 58 A.D.3d 645, 645, 869 N.Y.S.2d 910 [2d Dept. 2009], lv. denied 12 N.Y.3d 921, 884 N.Y.S.2d 702, 912 N.E.2d 1083 [2009] ; People v. Murphy, 28 A.D.3d 1096, 1096, 813 N.Y.S.2d 837 [4th Dept. 2006], lv denied 7 N.Y.3d 760, 819 N.Y.S.2d 885, 853 N.E.2d 256 [2006] ; see generally People v. Johnson, 57 N.Y.2d 969, 970, 457 N.Y.S.2d 230, 443 N.E.2d 478 [1982] ). Several other witnesses provided nearly identical descriptions of the perpetrator and his clothing, and defendant was apprehended a short distance away, very close to the murder weapon, and inside a locked yard into which the witnesses said the perpetrator had fled. Furthermore, he was wearing pants that matched the description that the witnesses gave of the perpetrator's pants, and he was holding a hat and had a T-shirt at his feet, both of which matched the witnesses' description of those parts of the perpetrator's clothing. Finally, immediately after being shot, the victim told a friend that defendant had shot him. Thus, "[e]ven in the absence of [the witness's implicit] identification testimony, the evidence at trial overwhelmingly established that defendant was the [perpetrator]" ( People v. Pacquette, 25 N.Y.3d 575, 580, 14 N.Y.S.3d 775, 35 N.E.3d 845 [2015] ).
We reject defendant's further contention that the People committed a Brady violation by refusing to disclose the name of a confidential informant. It is well settled that a confidential informant's identity must be disclosed where his or her role in the matter was significant, such as where he or she was an eyewitness or participant in the crime, or was " ‘an active participant in setting the stage’ " ( People v. Goggins, 34 N.Y.2d 163, 170, 356 N.Y.S.2d 571, 313 N.E.2d 41 [1974] ). "When however [the informant] has played a marginal part by, for instance, merely furnishing a tip or some information to the police, the privilege should prevail absent an extremely strong showing of relevance" ( id. ; see People v. Wade, 38 A.D.3d 1315, 1315, 832 N.Y.S.2d 734 [4th Dept. 2007], lv denied 8 N.Y.3d 992, 838 N.Y.S.2d 495, 869 N.E.2d 671 [2007] ).
Defendant failed to make such a showing here, and we therefore reject his contention that reversal is required because of the court's refusal to require the People to disclose the informant's identity. The record establishes that the People provided the defense with a police report indicating that the informant, who was not present at the crime scene, had heard from an unknown source that a woman had removed something from the scene prior to the arrival of police officers. The report also indicated that the informant had heard that the victim had a weapon and fired back at defendant after defendant shot the victim. Thus, inasmuch as the confidential informant's hearsay information "made it appear as if the victim acted in self-defense and not the other way around" ( People v. Fisher, 28 N.Y.3d 717, 722, 49 N.Y.S.3d 344, 71 N.E.3d 932 [2017] ), "there is [no] reasonable probability that[,] had it been disclosed to the defense, the result would have been different—i.e., a probability sufficient to undermine [this Court's] confidence in the outcome of the trial" ( People v. Bryce, 88 N.Y.2d 124, 128, 643 N.Y.S.2d 516, 666 N.E.2d 221 [1996] ; see People v. Hunter, 11 N.Y.3d 1, 5, 862 N.Y.S.2d 301, 892 N.E.2d 365 [2008] ).
Contrary to defendant's further contention, the court did not abuse its discretion in admitting, as an excited utterance, a statement made by the victim to a friend in the immediate aftermath of the shooting. The victim told a friend, before police officers and emergency medical personnel arrived, that defendant shot him. It is well settled that, "under certain circumstances of physical shock, a stress of nervous excitement may be produced which stills the reflective faculties and removes their control ... [An excited] utterance is made under the immediate and uncontrolled domination of the senses, and during the brief period when considerations of self-interest could not have been brought fully to bear by reasoned reflection" ( People v. Johnson, 1 N.Y.3d 302, 306, 772 N.Y.S.2d 238, 804 N.E.2d 402 [2003] [internal quotation marks omitted] ). In determining whether a statement is an excited utterance, "the decisive factor is whether the surrounding circumstances reasonably justify the conclusion that the remarks were not made under the impetus of studied reflection" ( People v. Edwards, 47 N.Y.2d 493, 497, 419 N.Y.S.2d 45, 392 N.E.2d 1229 [1979] ). Furthermore, that determination is "entrusted in the first instance to the trial court" ( id. ), and it is well settled that "[t]rial courts are accorded wide discretion in making evidentiary rulings and, absent an abuse of discretion, those rulings should not be disturbed on appeal" ( People v. Carroll, 95 N.Y.2d 375, 385, 718 N.Y.S.2d 10, 740 N.E.2d 1084 [2000] ). Here, we find no abuse of discretion in the court's determination that the victim's statement was an excited utterance (see People v. Brown, 70 N.Y.2d 513, 520, 522 N.Y.S.2d 837, 517 N.E.2d 515 [1987] ; People v. Medina, 53 A.D.3d 1046, 1047, 861 N.Y.S.2d 546 [4th Dept. 2008], lv denied 11 N.Y.3d 856, 872 N.Y.S.2d 79, 900 N.E.2d 562 [2008] ).
Finally, the court properly redacted from the victim's medical records his statement that he did not know who shot him. Defendant contended that the statement was admissible under the business records exception to the hearsay rule (see CPLR 4518[a] ). "In order for a statement contained in a hospital record to be admissible under [that] exception, it must be germane to the medical diagnosis or treatment of the patient" ( People v. Bailey, 252 A.D.2d 815, 815–816, 675 N.Y.S.2d 706 [3d Dept. 1998], lv denied 92 N.Y.2d 922, 680 N.Y.S.2d 463, 703 N.E.2d 275 [1998] ; see People v. Emanuel, 89 A.D.3d 1481, 1482, 932 N.Y.S.2d 658 [4th Dept. 2011], lv denied 18 N.Y.3d 882, 939 N.Y.S.2d 752, 963 N.E.2d 129 [2012] ), and defendant failed to establish that the statement in question had any relevance to the victim's diagnosis or treatment. It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously affirmed.