Opinion
814 KA 13-00159.
07-07-2017
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Timothy D. SAMUEL, Defendant–Appellant.
Dianne C. Russell, Rochester, for Defendant–Appellant. Sandra Doorley, District Attorney, Rochester, for Respondent.
Dianne C. Russell, Rochester, for Defendant–Appellant.
Sandra Doorley, District Attorney, Rochester, for Respondent.
PRESENT: SMITH, J.P., PERADOTTO, NEMOYER, CURRAN, AND SCUDDER, JJ.
MEMORANDUM:
Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him upon a jury verdict of, inter alia, kidnapping in the second degree ( Penal Law § 135.20 ), and two counts each of robbery in the first degree (§ 160.15[2], [4] ) and criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree (§ 265.03[1][b] ), arising from an incident occurring in a house in the City of Rochester. We previously held the case, reserved decision, and remitted the matter to Supreme Court (Moran, J.) for a hearing on defendant's midtrial Payton motion, in which he contended that police officers improperly searched his house and used their observations as the basis for a subsequent search warrant application, thus requiring suppression of the evidence seized pursuant to the warrant ( People v. Samuel, 137 A.D.3d 1691, 28 N.Y.S.3d 526 ). Following that hearing, the court denied the motion to suppress the fruits of the search warrant on the ground that the initial warrantless search of the house was lawful pursuant to the emergency doctrine.
Contrary to defendant's contention, the People established that the warrantless search of the house was lawful. It is well settled that "the ‘emergency doctrine’ ... recognizes that the Constitution ‘is not a barrier to a police officer seeking to help someone in immediate danger’ ..., thereby excusing or justifying otherwise impermissible police conduct that is an objectively reasonable response to an apparently exigent situation ... [The Court of Appeals has] explained that the exception is comprised of three elements: (1) the police must have reasonable grounds to believe that there is an emergency at hand and an immediate need for their assistance for the protection of life or property and this belief must be grounded in empirical facts; (2) the search must not be primarily motivated by an intent to arrest and seize evidence; and (3) there must be some reasonable basis, approximating probable cause, to associate the emergency with the area or place to be searched" ( People v. Doll, 21 N.Y.3d 665, 670–671, 975 N.Y.S.2d 721, 998 N.E.2d 384, rearg. denied 22 N.Y.3d 1053, 981 N.Y.S.2d 359, 4 N.E.3d 371, cert. denied – –– U.S. ––––, 134 S.Ct. 1552, 188 L.Ed.2d 568 ). "Indeed, ‘[p]eople could well die in emergencies if police tried to act with the calm deliberation associated with the judicial process' ... Accordingly, ‘what would be otherwise illegal absent an ... emergency’ becomes justified by the ‘need to protect or preserve life or avoid serious injury’ " ( People v. Molnar, 98 N.Y.2d 328, 332, 746 N.Y.S.2d 673, 774 N.E.2d 738 ; see People v. Harris, 132 A.D.3d 1281, 1282, 17 N.Y.S.3d 225, lv. denied 26 N.Y.3d 1109, 26 N.Y.S.3d 768, 47 N.E.3d 98 ).
Here, the evidence at the suppression hearing on remittal established that all three prongs of the emergency doctrine standard were satisfied. The People submitted a large amount of evidence with respect to the first prong of the standard, including the information in the initial 911 call indicating that armed men were beating someone in a house, along with the evidence that the officers observed the bleeding and bound victim escaping from that house, one of the perpetrators attempting to escape, and the other perpetrators eventually emerging from it. Furthermore, the police had no reliable information regarding whether there were more victims or perpetrators inside the house. In addition, upon entry, the officers found quantities of blood in the basement of the house, which established that at least one person had been injured there. Thus, the first prong of the standard was met inasmuch as the evidence established that the police had reasonable grounds to believe that there was an emergency that required their immediate assistance for the protection of life or property (see generally People v. Rodriguez, 77 A.D.3d 280, 282–283, 907 N.Y.S.2d 294, lv. denied 15 N.Y.3d 955, 917 N.Y.S.2d 115, 942 N.E.2d 326 ). Defendant's contention that the police were not sure whether there were additional victims or perpetrators in the house is not germane "because the emergency doctrine is premised on reasonableness, not certitude" ( Doll, 21 N.Y.3d at 671, 975 N.Y.S.2d 721, 998 N.E.2d 384 ), and the officers' belief that there could be additional injured victims or perpetrators inside the house was reasonable under these circumstances. Contrary to defendant's further contention, "the danger [that created the emergency] did not abate during the period that the officers waited to gain entry into his" house ( People v. Salazar, 290 A.D.2d 256, 256, 736 N.Y.S.2d 20, lv. denied 97 N.Y.2d 760, 742 N.Y.S.2d 621, 769 N.E.2d 367 ; see generally Molnar, 98 N.Y.2d at 334–335, 746 N.Y.S.2d 673, 774 N.E.2d 738 ).
With respect to the second prong of the emergency doctrine standard, we reject defendant's contention that the initial search was motivated by an intent to seize evidence (see People v. Mitchell, 39 N.Y.2d 173, 177–179, 383 N.Y.S.2d 246, 347 N.E.2d 607 ; People v. Stevens, 57 A.D.3d 1515, 1516, 871 N.Y.S.2d 525, lv. denied 12 N.Y.3d 822, 881 N.Y.S.2d 29, 908 N.E.2d 937 ; People v. McKnight, 261 A.D.2d 926, 926, 689 N.Y.S.2d 832, lv. denied 94 N.Y.2d 826, 702 N.Y.S.2d 596, 724 N.E.2d 388 ). Furthermore, with respect to the third prong, we agree with the court that there was "some reasonable basis, approximating probable cause, to associate the emergency with the area or place to be searched" ( Doll, 21 N.Y.3d at 671, 975 N.Y.S.2d 721, 998 N.E.2d 384 ; see generally People v. Rivera, 172 A.D.2d 1059, 1059, 569 N.Y.S.2d 316 ).
Contrary to defendant's further contention, County Court (Piampiano, J.) properly denied without a hearing his pretrial motion to suppress the evidence seized pursuant to the warrant based on the insufficiency of the information in the warrant application. A challenge to the facial sufficiency of a written warrant application presents an issue of law that does not require a hearing, and here the court properly determined the merits of defendant's challenge "by reviewing the affidavits alone in order to determine whether they establish probable cause" ( People v. Dunn, 155 A.D.2d 75, 80, 553 N.Y.S.2d 257, affd. 77 N.Y.2d 19, 563 N.Y.S.2d 388, 564 N.E.2d 1054, cert. denied 501 U.S. 1219, 111 S.Ct. 2830, 115 L.Ed.2d 1000 ). To the extent that defendant contends that the prosecutor's failure to turn over the search warrant application during the pretrial proceedings constituted a Brady violation, "that contention is not preserved for our review inasmuch as defendant failed to object on that ground" ( People v. Caswell, 56 A.D.3d 1300, 1303, 867 N.Y.S.2d 638, lv. denied 11 N.Y.3d 923, 874 N.Y.S.2d 8, 902 N.E.2d 442, reconsideration denied 12 N.Y.3d 781, 879 N.Y.S.2d 58, 906 N.E.2d 1092, cert. denied 556 U.S. 1286, 129 S.Ct. 2775, 174 L.Ed.2d 278 ). We decline to exercise our power to review that contention as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice (see CPL 470.15[6][a] ). We have considered defendant's remaining contentions concerning the search and the warrant, and conclude that they are without merit.
Defendant further contends that the judgment must be modified by reversing those parts convicting him under counts 9 and 10 of the indictment because he was not indicted in count 9, which charged two codefendants with criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree, and the jury did not render a verdict on count 10. As the People correctly concede, defendant is correct. It is well settled that "[t]he New York State Constitution guarantees that ‘[n]o person shall be held to answer for a[n] infamous crime ... unless on indictment of a grand jury’ " ( People v. Gonzalez, 151 A.D.2d 601, 602, 542 N.Y.S.2d 359, lv. denied 74 N.Y.2d 948, 550 N.Y.S.2d 283, 549 N.E.2d 485, quoting N.Y. Const, art. I, § 6 ), and defendant was not charged in count 9 of the indictment. Although defendant was charged with criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree in count 10 of the indictment, the jury did not render a verdict on that count. It is well settled that a jury's failure to render a verdict upon every count upon which it was instructed to do so "constitutes an acquittal on every count on which no verdict was rendered" ( People v. Lamb, 149 A.D.2d 943, 943, 540 N.Y.S.2d 228 ; see CPL 310.50 [3 ]; People v. Kinitsky,
166 A.D.2d 456, 458, 560 N.Y.S.2d 502, lv. denied 77 N.Y.2d 840, 567 N.Y.S.2d 208, 568 N.E.2d 657 ). We therefore modify the judgment by reversing those parts convicting defendant under counts 9 and 10, and by dismissing count 10 of the indictment with respect to defendant.
Finally, defendant contends that the sentence is unduly harsh and severe. Contrary to the People's contention, it is well settled that our "sentence-review power may be exercised, if the interest of justice warrants, without deference to the sentencing court" ( People v. Delgado, 80 N.Y.2d 780, 783, 587 N.Y.S.2d 271, 599 N.E.2d 675 ; see People v. Lopez, 6 N.Y.3d 248, 260 n. 5, 811 N.Y.S.2d 623, 844 N.E.2d 1145 ). Consequently, we may "substitute our own discretion for that of a trial court which has not abused its discretion in the imposition of a sentence" ( People v. Smart, 100 A.D.3d 1473, 1475, 954 N.Y.S.2d 322, affd. 23 N.Y.3d 213, 989 N.Y.S.2d 631, 12 N.E.3d 1061 [internal quotation marks omitted]; see People v. Johnson, 136 A.D.3d 1417, 1418, 25 N.Y.S.3d 510, lv. denied 27 N.Y.3d 1134, 39 N.Y.S.3d 116, 61 N.E.3d 515 ). Nevertheless, we conclude that the sentence is not unduly harsh or severe.
It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously modified on the law by reversing those parts convicting defendant of criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree under counts 9 and 10 of the indictment and dismissing count 10 of the indictment with respect to defendant, and as modified the judgment is affirmed.