Opinion
11-12-2015
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. John J. RAPP, Appellant.
Brian M. Quinn, Albany, for appellant. Kathleen B. Hogan, District Attorney, Lake George (Emilee B. Davenport of counsel), for respondent.
Brian M. Quinn, Albany, for appellant.
Kathleen B. Hogan, District Attorney, Lake George (Emilee B. Davenport of counsel), for respondent.
Before: McCARTHY, J.P., EGAN JR., ROSE and CLARK, JJ.
CLARK, J.Appeals (1) from a judgment of the County Court of Warren County (Hall Jr., J.), rendered December 17, 2013, convicting defendant upon his plea of guilty of the crimes of criminal sale of a controlled substance in the third degree and unlawfully dealing with a child in the first degree, and (2) by permission, from an order of said court, entered May 30, 2014, which denied defendant's motion pursuant to CPL 440.10 to vacate the judgment of conviction, without a hearing.
In April 2012, defendant was indicted and charged with two counts each of criminal possession of a controlled substance in the third degree, criminal sale of a controlled substance in the third degree and conspiracy in the fourth degree, as well as one count of unlawfully dealing with a child in the first degree, all stemming from two alleged drug transactions in the City of Glens Falls, Warren County. In full satisfaction of the indictment, defendant pleaded guilty to one count each of criminal sale of a controlled substance in the third degree and unlawfully dealing with a child in the first degree and waived his right to appeal. He was sentenced, as a second felony offender, to a prison term of seven years to be followed by three years of postrelease supervision. Defendant thereafter moved, pursuant to CPL 440.10, to vacate the judgment on the basis of, among other things, the ineffective assistance of counsel. County Court denied the motion without a hearing. Defendant now appeals from the judgment of conviction and, with permission, from the order denying his postconviction motion.
Defendant was sentenced to time served with respect to the conviction of unlawfully dealing with a child in the first degree.
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Initially, defendant's unchallenged waiver of appeal precludes his contention that the grand jury minutes were deficient on the basis that the People may have failed to instruct the grand jury on the agency defense (see People v. Hansen, 95 N.Y.2d 227, 230, 715 N.Y.S.2d, 369 738 N.E.2d 773 [2000] ), as well as his claim that the agreed-upon sentence was harsh and excessive (see People v. Lopez, 6 N.Y.3d 248, 256, 811 N.Y.S.2d 623, 844 N.E.2d 1145 [2006] ; People v. Toback, 125 A.D.3d 1060, 1061, 3 N.Y.S.3d 444 [2015], lv. denied 25 N.Y.3d 993, 10 N.Y.S.3d 536, 32 N.E.3d 973 [2015] ; People v. Miner, 120 A.D.3d 1449, 1450, 991 N.Y.S.2d 679 [2014] ).While portions of defendant's claim that the indictment was jurisdictionally defective survive his guilty plea and waiver of appeal (see People v. Casey, 95 N.Y.2d 354, 363, 717 N.Y.S.2d 88, 740 N.E.2d 233 [2000] ; People v. Slingerland, 101 A.D.3d 1265, 1265–1266, 955 N.Y.S.2d 690 [2012], lv. denied 20 N.Y.3d 1104, 965 N.Y.S.2d 800, 988 N.E.2d 538 [2013] ), they are without merit. Specifically, "where an indictment count incorporates by reference the statutory provision applicable to the crime intended to be charged, it has been repeatedly held that this is sufficient to apprise the defendant of the charge and, therefore, renders the count jurisdictionally valid" (People v. Moon, 119 A.D.3d 1293, 1294, 990 N.Y.S.2d 98 [2014], lv. denied 24 N.Y.3d 1004, 997 N.Y.S.2d 122, 21 N.E.3d 574 [2014] [internal quotation marks, brackets and citations omitted] ). Here, because counts two and seven of the indictment—i.e., the counts to which defendant pleaded guilty—recite, among other things, the specific section of the Penal Law under which defendant was charged, those counts of the indictment were not jurisdictionally defective (see People v. Cruz, 104 A.D.3d 1022, 1023–1024, 960 N.Y.S.2d 741 [2013] ; People v. Motz, 52 A.D.3d 1029, 1030, 859 N.Y.S.2d 531 [2008], lv. denied 11 N.Y.3d 791, 866 N.Y.S.2d 618, 896 N.E.2d 104 [2008] ). Moreover, although the People concede that the two counts of conspiracy in the fourth degree are jurisdictionally defective, defects contained in the counts to which defendant did not plead guilty constitute mere technical flaws that are precluded by defendant's waiver of appeal (see People v. Olmstead, 111 A.D.3d 1063, 1064, 975 N.Y.S.2d 359 [2013] ; People v. Maye, 69 A.D.3d 1115, 1116, 893 N.Y.S.2d 375 [2010], lv. denied 15 N.Y.3d 807, 908 N.Y.S.2d 167, 934 N.E.2d 901 [2010] ).
Defendant next asserts that his plea should be vacated because the People breached their promise to make County Court aware of his cooperation and recommend a lower sentence. Although this contention is not precluded by defendant's waiver of appeal (see People v. Dame, 100 A.D.3d 1032, 1034, 952 N.Y.S.2d 684 [2012], lv. denied 21 N.Y.3d 1003, 971 N.Y.S.2d 254, 993 N.E.2d 1277 [2013] ; People v. Carter, 64 A.D.3d 1089, 1091, 883 N.Y.S.2d 636 [2009], lv. denied 13 N.Y.3d 835, 890 N.Y.S.2d 451, 918 N.E.2d 966 [2009] ), it nonetheless evades our review inasmuch as defendant failed to properly preserve the argument with a postallocution motion to withdraw his plea (see People v. Parsons, 3 A.D.3d 790, 791, 770 N.Y.S.2d 909 [2004] ). In any event, defendant was sentenced in accordance with the agreed-upon plea bargain.
However, we do agree with defendant's contention that remittal to County Court is required inasmuch as his CPL 440.10 motion was improperly denied without a hearing, as defendant's claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are based upon matters not apparent on the face of the record (compare CPL 440.30 ; People v. Satterfield 66 N.Y.2d 796, 799, 497 N.Y.S.2d 903, 488 N.E.2d 834 [1985] ). Specifically, defendant's pro se motion to vacate the judgment of conviction contains sworn allegations of ineffective assistance based upon counsel's failure to engage in discovery or motion practice and counsel pressuring him to accept the plea offered by the People, as well as arguments that we construe to implicate the voluntariness of defendant's plea. The People opposed defendant's application, by way of letter, solely on the basis that a direct appeal was already pending (see CPL 440.10[2][b] ) and provided no additional documentary proof regarding the substance of defendant's allegations. County Court agreed with the People and denied the motion without a hearing.
The record before us contains no motions or discovery, and the reason for their absence is not apparent. We are able to ascertain only the following from the record. In June 2012, at arraignment on the indictment, defendant signed a preplea waiver—also absent from the record and, notably, innocuously referred to by County Court as "the yellow sheet"—permitting a pre-plea investigation by the Probation Department and a report to be sent to County Court. We are unable to determine whether counsel was present with defendant during his interview with the Probation Department. Two months later, defendant wrote to County Court expressing his dissatisfaction with counsel—a complaint that, at least according to this record, remains substantively unaddressed prior to defendant's plea in September 2012. Two days shy of one year following his arraignment, defendant was finally sentenced and a subsequent letter from defense counsel to defendant appears in the file, which profoundly misstates the facts and circumstances surrounding defendant's plea, among other things, as we otherwise know them. Inasmuch as there is no factual record of defendant's claims, we are powerless to properly address them. Therefore, upon the record before us, we are of the view that a hearing should have been held on his CPL 440.10 motion to determine the validity of defendant's allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel.
Thus, the matter must be remitted to County Court for a hearing on defendant's CPL 440.10 motion to vacate the judgment of conviction. Furthermore, because defendant's arguments of ineffective assistance of counsel on direct appeal likewise concern matters outside the record, these claims are more properly the subject of a postconviction motion (see People v. Hansen, 95 N.Y.2d 227, 230–231, 715 N.Y.S.2d 369, 738 N.E.2d 773 [2000] ; People v. Jenkins, 130 A.D.3d 1091, 1092, 12 N.Y.S.3d 384 [2015] ; People v. Green, 9 A.D.3d 687, 688, 780 N.Y.S.2d 100 [2004] ).
ORDERED that the judgment is affirmed.
ORDERED that the order is reversed, on the law, and matter remitted to the County Court of Warren County for a hearing on defendant's CPL article 440 motion.
MCCARTHY, J.P., EGAN JR. and ROSE, JJ., concur.