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In People v. Ortiz, 3 AD3d 594 the defendant was handed a form containing Miranda warnings and was asked to read each warning aloud and initial it.
Summary of this case from People v. LawsonOpinion
13854.
Decided and Entered: January 8, 2004.
Appeal from a judgment of the County Court of Sullivan County (La Buda, J.), rendered October 16, 2001, upon a verdict convicting defendant of the crimes of burglary in the second degree, criminal possession of stolen property in the fifth degree and possession of burglar tools.
Louis N. Altman, South Fallsburg, for appellant.
Stephen F. Lungen, District Attorney, Monticello (Bonnie M. Mitzner of counsel), for respondent.
Before: Mercure, J.P., Crew III, Peters, Mugglin and Lahtinen, JJ.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
Defendant challenges the method by which he was administeredMiranda warnings and seeks to cloak a search by a private person with 4th Amendment protection.
At the request of two police officers investigating a burglary, defendant accompanied them to the police station; he was not handcuffed and was not placed under arrest. Prior to questioning, he was handed a form containing Miranda warnings and was asked to read each warning aloud and initial it. Upon completion, defendant signed the form acknowledging that he was advised of his rights and told the officer that he understood what he read. Defendant then gave a statement describing his involvement in the burglary.
After a Huntley hearing, County Court found this statement admissible. Defendant's trial began. The People then learned that the victim and his nephew, a correction officer who was off-duty and out of uniform, had searched the property where defendant lived and found cash hidden under the house. The money was neither turned over to the police nor reported by the victim. The court declined to suppress the property and, after trial, defendant was convicted of all charges. This appeal ensued.
We affirm. The landmark decision in Miranda v. Arizona ( 384 U.S. 436) contains no express articulation that the warnings required must be provided orally to the accused. To be sure, the accused must be informed in "clear and unequivocal terms" (id. at 467-468) that he or she has certain rights. And, while the full panoply of Miranda warnings must be administered, they may be administered orally and from memory (see People v. Peraza, 288 A.D.2d 689, 690, lv denied 97 N.Y.2d 707). "There is [absolutely] no rule, statutory or otherwise, requiring that [such] warnings be read to a suspect" (id. at 690). The preeminent concern is that effective means are employed to notify an individual of his or her rights (see Miranda v. Arizona,supra at 479).
Here, County Court found that defendant understood both the English language and his own reading of his Miranda rights prior to interrogation. With the record containing no evidence to the contrary, the findings made by County Court will remain undisturbed (see People v. Kreydatus, 305 A.D.2d 935, 936, lv denied 100 N.Y.2d 595).
Concerning the search conducted by the victim and his nephew, it is well settled that a search by a private person, even if unlawful, will not implicate [4th] Amendment considerations. While there are situations where private conduct may be "so imbued with governmental involvement that it loses its character * * * and calls into play the full panoply of [4th] Amendment protections" (People v. Adler, 50 N.Y.2d 730, 737, cert denied 449 U.S. 1014; see People v. Adams, 53 N.Y.2d 1, cert denied 454 U.S. 854), we do not find that here. Even though the victim's nephew acquired the information concerning the money and its location while he was employed as a correction officer, there is no evidence that he questioned defendant regarding the whereabouts of the money or that defendant provided information directly to him. Further, neither the victim nor his nephew was acting under the direction of or in cooperation with police authorities. Rather, the victim requested and received permission from defendant's landlord to search the backyard. During the search, his nephew did not wear a uniform, display his badge or explain his position. For all of these reasons, we agree that neither the conduct nor its rewards is cloaked with 4th Amendment protection (see Matter of Atkinson v. Hudacs, 185 A.D.2d 415, 416; People v. Cooper, 174 A.D.2d 770, 772).
Mercure, J.P., Crew III, Mugglin and Lahtinen, JJ., concur.
ORDERED that the judgment is affirmed.