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In Morris, the Court of Appeals of Michigan found reversible error where evidence of a defendant's prior abortions was admitted on the theory that they were probative of the defendant's sanity at the time of a factually unelated crime, despite no testimony to that effect from mental health professionals.
Summary of this case from Akers v. StateOpinion
Docket No. 78-2731.
Decided October 2, 1979. Leave to appeal applied for.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, Robert L. Kaczmarek, Prosecuting Attorney, and Patrick M. Meter, Chief Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Joseph Samuel Scorsone, for defendant on appeal.
Before: M.F. CAVANAGH, P.J., and BASHARA and D.E. HOLBROOK, JR., JJ.
Defendant was tried by jury for the offense of first-degree murder. MCL 750.316; MSA 28.548. She was convicted, sentenced to life imprisonment and appeals by right, raising six issues, three of which merit comment and require reversal for a new trial.
Reversible error was committed when the trial court instructed the jury prior to their deliberations on the definition of legal insanity and the corresponding definition of legal sanity. The erroneous charge that was given twice was that, "The person is legally sane if despite the mental illness that person possesses substantial capacity either to appreciate the wrongfulness of her conduct or to conform her conduct to the requirements of the law". (Emphasis added.) In Michigan a criminal defendant is legally sane if she is shown to satisfy both of the two requirements, viz., whether she knew what she was doing was right or wrong and if she did, then did she have the power to resist the contemplated action? People v Martin, 386 Mich. 407, 418; 192 N.W.2d 215 (1971). The prosecutor argues that despite this improper charge, the jury was properly instructed before any proofs were presented and that a supplemental charge during deliberations stated the definition correctly and resolved any possible ambiguities. Defense counsel objected to the predeliberation charge, noting the error; nevertheless, the trial court elected to "leave the instructions as they stand". Approximately three hours after commencing deliberations the jury requested another recital of the insanity instructions. At that time the charge was delivered correctly, however, the previous improper definition was not retracted. We have previously held that where conflicting instructions are given, one erroneous and the other without error, it may be presumed that the jury followed the instruction that was erroneous. People v Bargy, 71 Mich. App. 609, 616; 248 N.W.2d 636 (1976).
Another instance of reversible error concerned defendant's in limine motion to exclude any reference to the fact that defendant had had legal abortions prior to the charged crime. A report prepared by defendant's psychiatrist included the information that defendant and the victim had quarreled over the abortions, therefore, because the trial court felt that this information was relevant to the issue of defendant's sanity, the pretrial motion was denied. Defense counsel then offered to make a separate record to establish that the psychiatrist considered the abortions immaterial to his diagnosis. When the trial court refused that offer, defense counsel felt obliged to question all prospective jurors on voir dire about their attitudes concerning abortions, thereby effectively informing the jury of defendant's abortions. We find that these rulings by the trial court constituted an abuse of discretion. People v Triplett, 68 Mich. App. 531, 536; 243 N.W.2d 665 (1976), lv den 397 Mich. 842 (1976).
MRE 401 and 402 define relevant evidence and direct that it be admissible except where otherwise provided by constitution or court rule. The only possible relevancy the defendant's abortions may have had to the issue of her sanity is the strife which they may have occasioned between herself and her victim. If this were so, the abortions themselves would not be the relevant evidence. But more than this, it would have been a relatively easy matter for the trial court to determine whether or not the psychiatrist had relied upon the abortions in diagnosing defendant, in which case the abortions or the arguments generated by them would be relevant. Despite the possibility that this evidence was relevant, MRE 403 further requires that it be more probative than prejudicial. The existing strong and opposing attitudes concerning the issue of abortion clearly make any reference thereto potentially very prejudicial. In fact, one prospective juror at defendant's trial was peremptorily challenged, a challenge for cause having been denied, for having affirmed that she would "go into trial with the attitude that [defendant has] already committed a murder" by virtue of her abortions. Notwithstanding the deference with which a reviewing court must treat a lower court's determination of the admissibility of evidence, we find that a balance of the two factors weighs heavily towards prejudice with a minimum of probative value. People v DerMartzex, 390 Mich. 410, 415; 213 N.W.2d 97 (1973).
Finally, error was also present when the prosecutor asked defendant on cross-examination: "Is it not a fact that in 1975 and 1976 you were arrested three times for shoplifting?" Counsel for defendant immediately objected and the trial court sustained the objection.
Once the question had been voiced, the potentiality for prejudice was present since it was comparable to evidence which was exhibited to the jury without its having been offered or received. People v James, 36 Mich. App. 550, 556; 194 N.W.2d 57 (1971). The prosecutor argued that People v Woody, 380 Mich. 332, 335-339; 157 N.W.2d 201 (1968), allowed him to pose this question for the purpose of determining sanity after defendant had raised her insanity defense. Woody and subsequent cases in this Court which address that issue are clearly distinguishable from the present case on the basis that the prosecutors were permitted to rebut insanity defenses by such evidence only after the defendants' expert psychiatric witnesses had testified. The improper question in the present case was tendered before defendant's expert witness testified and was also directed to the defendant. The rationale behind the holding in the Woody case is that evidence of a defendant's prior arrests, convictions and other antisocial conduct becomes material to the determination of a defendant's sanity once it is shown that such evidence is relevant to the formation of the expert witness's opinion. People v Hammack, 63 Mich. App. 87, 93; 234 N.W.2d 415 (1975). Furthermore, the holding announced in Woody was stated to be controlled by a prior Supreme Court ruling that, "in general * * * as to a defendant who does not testify in his own behalf, evidence of former convictions or offenses is not admissible except in cases wherein such evidence is material and relevant to the issue being tried". Woody, supra, at 339. Thus, the prosecutor's question could not be seen as an attempt to impeach the diagnosis of the expert witness when the expert had yet to testify. Rather, the question must be seen as an attempted impeachment of defendant's credibility. As such, it was plainly improper. People v Falkner, 389 Mich. 682, 695; 209 N.W.2d 193 (1973).
Reversed and remanded.
I concur in the result reached by the majority. However, it is my opinion that the prosecutor's question regarding prior arrests for shoplifting did not, per se, amount to reversible error. The question was propounded on cross-examination under the belief that it was permissible under People v Woody, 380 Mich. 332; 157 N.W.2d 201 (1968). Once asked, an objection was sustained and the questioning ceased. Under the circumstances, the error, if any, was harmless.