Opinion
2014-11-26
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Kevin McGOUGH, Appellant.
Adam G. Parisi, Schenectady, for appellant. Robert M. Carney, District Attorney, Schenectady (Peter H. Willis of counsel), for respondent.
Adam G. Parisi, Schenectady, for appellant. Robert M. Carney, District Attorney, Schenectady (Peter H. Willis of counsel), for respondent.
Before: PETERS, P.J., STEIN, GARRY, EGAN JR. and DEVINE, JJ.
GARRY, J.
Appeal from a judgment of the County Court of Schenectady County (Hoye, J.), rendered January 31, 2012, upon a verdict convicting defendant of the crimes of criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree (five counts), criminal possession of stolen property in the fourth degree (three counts), criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree and unlawful possession of marihuana.
In September 2010, defendant allegedly fired a gun in the direction of a vehicle. Shortly thereafter, the City of Schenectady Police Department executed a warrant to search defendant's residence in the City of Schenectady, Schenectady County. Defendant's father, mother, sister and brother were in the house during the search, and defendant was found lying on the floor in a stair landing, next to a laundry basket that contained a disassembled semiautomatic pistol. Additional weapons, ammunition and other contraband were “strewn throughout the [residence].” In defendant's bedroom, the search team found a semiautomatic rifle with a foldable stock, a loaded high-capacity magazine that fit the rifle, several loaded and unloaded magazines that fit the pistol found in the basket, handgun and shotgun ammunition, a bulletproof vest and marihuana. In another bedroom—allegedly that of defendant's younger brother—the team found a loaded .380 semiautomatic pistol, a loaded .357 magnum revolver and several long guns, shotguns and rifles. Additional rifles were found in the living room, and more firearms and a bulletproof vest with projectile holes in it were found in the basement. Several of the weapons proved to be stolen.
Defendant was charged with various crimes and, following a jury trial, convicted of five counts of criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree, three counts of criminal possession of stolen property in the fourth degree, criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree and unlawful possession of marihuana. He was thereafter sentenced to an aggregate prison term of 15 years with five years of postrelease supervision. Defendant appeals.
Defendant contends that his convictions are not supported by legally sufficient evidence and are against the weight of the evidence in that the People failed to prove that he possessed any of the contraband on which the convictions are based, and further failed to support the conviction for criminal possession of stolen property in the fourth degree premised upon the rifle with the foldable stock with proof that the weapon was operable. Defendant's contention regarding possession was preserved as to the convictions involving weapons by his specific trial motion to dismiss, but the motion did not raise that claim as to the conviction for unlawful possession of marihuana, nor did it raise the operability challenge. Accordingly, the latter claims are unpreserved ( see People v. Gray, 86 N.Y.2d 10, 19, 629 N.Y.S.2d 173, 652 N.E.2d 919 [1995]; People v. Hilliard, 49 A.D.3d 910, 912, 853 N.Y.S.2d 198 [2008], lv. denied10 N.Y.3d 959, 863 N.Y.S.2d 143, 893 N.E.2d 449 [2008] ). Nevertheless, in addressing defendant's weight of the evidence challenge, we necessarily review the adequacy of the evidence supporting the elements of all of the convictions ( see People v. Danielson, 9 N.Y.3d 342, 348–349, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1 [2007]; People v. Hughes, 111 A.D.3d 1170, 1171, 975 N.Y.S.2d 507 [2013], lv. denied23 N.Y.3d 1038, 993 N.Y.S.2d 251, 17 N.E.3d 506 [2014] ).
“Where, as here, the People proceed upon the theory of constructive possession, they bear the burden of establishing that defendant exercised dominion and control over the contraband or the area where the contraband was found” (People v. Dawson, 110 A.D.3d 1350, 1352, 973 N.Y.S.2d 850 [2013], lv. denied23 N.Y.3d 1035, 993 N.Y.S.2d 249, 17 N.E.3d 504 [2014] [internal quotation marks, brackets and citations omitted]; accord People v. Perry, 116 A.D.3d 1253, 1254, 983 N.Y.S.2d 699 [2014]; seePenal Law § 10.00[8] ). Such possession may be shown through direct or circumstantial evidence, and does not require proof that no one else had access to the contraband or the premises ( see People v. Stewart, 95 A.D.3d 1363, 1364, 943 N.Y.S.2d 302 [2012], lv. denied19 N.Y.3d 1001, 951 N.Y.S.2d 477, 975 N.E.2d 923 [2012]; People v. Pinkney, 90 A.D.3d 1313, 1314–1315, 935 N.Y.S.2d 374 [2011] ). While mere presence in the same location where contraband is found does not prove constructive possession ( see People v. Edwards, 206 A.D.2d 597, 597, 614 N.Y.S.2d 469 [1994], lv. denied84 N.Y.2d 907, 621 N.Y.S.2d 524, 645 N.E.2d 1224 [1994] ), the evidence here established that defendant—who was wearing only boxer shorts when he was found and identified one of the bedrooms where contraband was found as the one where he kept his clothes and belongings—was not merely present in the residence by happenstance at the time of the search, but lived there. When found, he was lying in close proximity to the laundry basket that contained the disassembled weapon, as though he had just placed it there. Further, shortly before the search, he had been seen in physical possession of a weapon by witnesses who identified him as the individual who fired a black handgun in the direction of a vehicle, and, later on the day of the shooting, another witness saw him holding a black semiautomatic pistol. Accordingly, the evidence went beyond defendant's mere presence in the residence at the time of the search and established “a particular set of circumstances from which a jury could infer possession” of the contraband (People v. Bundy, 90 N.Y.2d 918, 920, 663 N.Y.S.2d 837, 686 N.E.2d 496 [1997]; accord People v. Perry, 116 A.D.3d at 1254, 983 N.Y.S.2d 699). The fact that some of the contraband was found in defendant's brother's bedroom and other parts of the house to which family members also had access does not preclude a finding of constructive possession, as such possession may be joint, and all of the items were “readily accessible and available” to defendant (People v. Hyde, 302 A.D.2d 101, 105, 754 N.Y.S.2d 11 [2003], lv. denied99 N.Y.2d 655, 760 N.Y.S.2d 119, 790 N.E.2d 293 [2003]; see People v. Torres, 68 N.Y.2d 677, 679, 505 N.Y.S.2d 595, 496 N.E.2d 684 [1986]; People v. Smith, 215 A.D.2d 940, 941, 628 N.Y.S.2d 190 [1995], lv. denied86 N.Y.2d 802, 632 N.Y.S.2d 516, 656 N.E.2d 615 [1995] ). Thus, viewed in the light most favorable to the People, the evidence of constructive possession was legally sufficient to support the convictions for which this issue was preserved ( see People v. Bellamy, 118 A.D.3d 1113, 1114, 987 N.Y.S.2d 666 [2014]; People v. Pinkney, 90 A.D.3d at 1315, 935 N.Y.S.2d 374; People v. Mattison, 41 A.D.3d 1224, 1225, 837 N.Y.S.2d 464 [2007], lv. denied9 N.Y.3d 924, 844 N.Y.S.2d 179, 875 N.E.2d 898 [2007] ). Further, viewing the evidence in a neutral light and according due deference to the jury's assessments of credibility, the verdict was not against the weight of the evidence ( see People v. Perry, 116 A.D.3d at 1255, 983 N.Y.S.2d 699; People v. Buchanan, 95 A.D.3d 1433, 1435, 944 N.Y.S.2d 378 [2012], lvs. denied 22 N.Y.3d 1039, 981 N.Y.S.2d 373, 4 N.E.3d 385 [2013], 22 N.Y.3d 1043, 981 N.Y.S.2d 377, 4 N.E.3d 389 [2013] ).
A firearm must be shown to be operable before it can be the basis of a conviction for criminal possession of stolen property in the fourth degree ( see People v. Rowland, 14 A.D.3d 886, 886–887, 787 N.Y.S.2d 741 [2005]; People v. Burdash, 102 A.D.2d 948, 950, 478 N.Y.S.2d 89 [1984]; see generally People v. Longshore, 86 N.Y.2d 851, 852, 633 N.Y.S.2d 475, 657 N.E.2d 496 [1995] ). This conviction was premised upon a 9 millimeter Luger Kel–Tech Sub 2000 semiautomatic rifle with a foldable stock that was found on the bed in defendant's bedroom. A detective who participated in the search testified that a high capacity Glock 9 millimeter magazine, loaded with eight live rounds, was found on the floor next to the bed. The detective testified that this magazine was able to function in the rifle and, as a demonstration for the jury, unfolded the stock and inserted the magazine into the weapon. The detective further testified that the rifle was sent to the State Police Crime Lab in accord with the same procedures that he had previously described with reference to other weapons found in the residence; his prior testimony had established that these procedures included test-firing. Thus, the jury could reasonably have inferred that the rifle was operable ( compare People v. Conde, 34 A.D.3d 1347, 1348, 825 N.Y.S.2d 605 [2006]; People v. Lugo, 161 A.D.2d 122, 123, 554 N.Y.S.2d 849 [1990], lv. denied76 N.Y.2d 860, 560 N.Y.S.2d 1000, 561 N.E.2d 900 [1990]; see also People v. Cavines, 70 N.Y.2d 882, 883, 524 N.Y.S.2d 178, 518 N.E.2d 1170 [1987]; Matter of Shallany S., 11 A.D.3d 414, 414–415, 783 N.Y.S.2d 567 [2004] ), and the verdict on this charge was not against the weight of the evidence ( see People v. Blake, 172 A.D.2d 1027, 1027, 569 N.Y.S.2d 285 [1991], lv. denied78 N.Y.2d 962, 574 N.Y.S.2d 941, 580 N.E.2d 413 [1991] ).
County Court did not violate defendant's right to a public trial by closing the courtroom to spectators during the testimony of one of the People's witnesses. A defendant's right to a public trial, although fundamental, is not absolute; a trial court may exercise its discretion to close a courtroom, but must do so “sparingly ... and then, only when unusual circumstances necessitate it” (People v. Hinton, 31 N.Y.2d 71, 76, 334 N.Y.S.2d 885, 286 N.E.2d 265 [1972], cert. denied410 U.S. 911, 93 S.Ct. 970, 35 L.Ed.2d 273 [1973]; accord People v. Jones, 96 N.Y.2d 213, 216, 726 N.Y.S.2d 608, 750 N.E.2d 524 [2001] ). Defendant's objection to the request for closure placed the burden upon the People to establish that an open proceeding would cause “a substantial probability of prejudice to a compelling interest” and to show that a link or nexus existed between that interest and the testimony in question (People v. Jones, 96 N.Y.2d at 217, 726 N.Y.S.2d 608, 750 N.E.2d 524; see People v. Ward, 6 A.D.3d 741, 742–743, 774 N.Y.S.2d 604 [2004] ). During the hearing on the request for closure, the witness in question testified that, after he agreed to testify in defendant's trial, he had been threatened and involved in physical altercations on several occasions with individuals who called him a “snitch.” The witness testified that these individuals were local residents and that he had not agreed to testify in any other trials. He stated that he was concerned for his own safety and that of a younger sibling, and stated that he would not testify if required to do so in open court. Finding that the witness was the only person able to testify about defendant's possession of a handgun between the shooting incident and the search, and taking into account the regular presence in the courtroom of a group of defendant's relatives and supporters, the small size of the community, the youth of the witness, his intent to remain in the community and his “valid fear,” the court granted the People's request to close the courtroom to spectators during his testimony. The record supports County Court's findings; in view of its careful consideration of the matter and the limited scope of the closure, we find no abuse of discretion ( see People v. Jefferson, 248 A.D.2d 815, 817–818, 670 N.Y.S.2d 239 [1998], lv. denied92 N.Y.2d 926, 680 N.Y.S.2d 468, 703 N.E.2d 280 [1998]; see generally Waller v. Georgia, 467 U.S. 39, 104 S.Ct. 2210, 81 L.Ed.2d 31 [1984] ).
Finally, County Court did not violate CPL 300.10(2) by instructing jurors not to “speculate” about “why other people were or were not arrested.” We reject defendant's theory that this instruction prejudiced defendant by improperly preventing the jury from considering whether other individuals—specifically, defendant's parents and siblings—possessed the contraband on which the charges against defendant were based. As previously noted, such consideration would not exclude defendant's criminal responsibility, as “possession, even if joint, is still possession” (People v. Torres, 68 N.Y.2d at 679, 505 N.Y.S.2d 595, 496 N.E.2d 684; see People v. Perry, 116 A.D.3d at 1254, 983 N.Y.S.2d 699). Defendant raised no other objections to the court's instructions relative to constructive possession, and we find no shortcomings in the challenged charge ( seeCPL 300.10[2]; People v. Smith, 215 A.D.2d at 941, 628 N.Y.S.2d 190).
ORDERED that the judgment is affirmed.
PETERS, P.J., STEIN, EGAN JR. and DEVINE, JJ., concur.