Opinion
January 27, 1989
Lawrence J. Braunstein for defendant.
Paul Gentile, District Attorney (Cari E. Duhan of counsel), for plaintiff.
That branch of defendant's motion seeking to suppress evidence seized by the police is disposed of as follows:
By its decision in People v Ponder ( 54 N.Y.2d 160) the Court of Appeals abolished the concept of automatic standing for possessory offenses, declaring that in order to have standing a person would have to show an expectation of privacy in the area wherein the items sought to be suppressed were discovered. Subsequently by its decisions in People v Mosley ( 68 N.Y.2d 881) and People v Millan ( 69 N.Y.2d 514), it appeared to backtrack to some degree from Ponder by conferring standing upon persons charged with possession of contraband and where the possession was imputed solely by way of a presumption. However, by the almost contemporaneous decision of People v Rodriguez ( 69 N.Y.2d 159) they denied standing to a defendant charged with possession of drugs found under his person when the defendant was arrested in a location where he had no reasonable expectation of privacy. Thus the Court of Appeals here appears to still strictly adhere to their prior decision announced in Ponder and not conform to their decisions in Millan and Mosley.
After these decisions were published, this court in the matter of People v Pagan ( 138 Misc.2d 802 [Sup Ct, Bronx County 1988]) opined that the distinction to be made in the aforecited Court of Appeals cases was whether the possession was attributable by way of a presumption or, as was the case in Pagan, by way of a physical possession, albeit not at the instant the drugs were discovered. This distinction now appears to be real but unimportant.
These same issues and cases have recently been addressed by the Second and Fourth Departments of the Appellate Division. In People v Malcolm ( 143 A.D.2d 1049 [2d Dept 1988]) and People v Torres ( 133 A.D.2d 713 [2d Dept 1987]), the Appellate Division, Second Department, held that persons charged with possessory offenses had no standing to challenge the seizure of such contraband from areas where they could not show any expectation of privacy. This determination was made notwithstanding that the evidence adduced showed that each of the defendants did not physically possess the contraband at the time of its seizure, thus implying that any such possession was attributable to the defendant solely by way of a presumption, i.e., the possession was imposed by operation of law, the same way as in Mosley and Millan (supra) where standing was granted. Those courts justified this holding by citing People v Rodriguez (supra) and by apparently completely ignoring Mosley and Millan. In contrast, in People v Wesley ( 139 A.D.2d 946 [4th Dept 1988]), the Fourth Department found that the defendant had standing to challenge the issuance of a search warrant since the evidence found as a result thereof was attributable to him solely by way of constructive possession (citing Millan and Mosley, and ignoring Rodriguez). Finally, in People v Timmons ( 139 A.D.2d 544 [2d Dept 1988]), the defendant was denied standing to challenge the seizure of evidence discovered in the apartment wherein he was arrested. The basis for the denial in Timmons was the determination that the defendant was merely a transient in the apartment and the defendant had failed to show an expectation of privacy. Again the court cited Rodriguez and ignored Mosley and Millan. (People v Ali, 131 A.D.2d 857 [2d Dept 1987], citing Rodriguez, is inapposite to this discussion since the Ali court found defendant Ali had a reasonable expectation of privacy in his motel room.)
At first blush Malcolm, Timmons, Torres and Rodriguez (supra) appear to be irreconcilable with the cases of Wesley, Mosley and Millan (supra) since in all of these matters the evidence seized was not in the physical possession of the defendant at the time of the seizure. However, a closer examination of these matters reveals a common thread.
It appears to me that in deciding whether or not to grant standing, the Court of Appeals has used an unexpressed two-part test. The first step is deciding whether or not the defendant had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the area searched. If the defendant had such an expectation the matter is ended and the court inquires no further (see, People v Ali, supra).
If however no such expectation is found and if the possession is attributable to the defendant solely by way of a presumption, the court goes to the next step. It makes a determination as to whether there was someone present (whether or not that person was charged with possession of the contraband) who has a legitimate expectation of privacy in the area that was searched. This person would undeniably have standing to challenge the admissibility of such evidence if it were sought to be used against him (see, People v Ali, supra, and the cases cited therein). If such a person was present the courts then permit the person charged with constructive possession (whether by way of a statutory presumption or by way of court decision) to assume that existing standing for the purposes of challenging the admissibility of the contraband seized or the basis of the search.
Looked at in this light it is readily seen why the defendants in Millan, Mosley and Wesley (supra) were granted standing. In Millan the taxi driver clearly had standing to challenge the stop and search of the cab wherein the gun was found. Similarly in Mosley the incident was precipitated by the arrest and search of a person other than the defendant. The basis for the arrest and subsequent search of the defendant was the constructive possession by the defendant of a starter pistol found on the person of another (People v Mosley, 68 N.Y.2d 881, 882-883, supra) and the defendant was permitted to challenge that person's arrest (and the admissibility of all evidence directly flowing from it as the fruit of the poisonous tree). Thus, there was present a person with a legitimate expectation of privacy sufficient to permit defendant Mosley to challenge the arrest. Finally in People v Wesley ( 139 A.D.2d 946, supra) there also appears to be someone whose standing the defendant could assert. In contrast, in Rodriguez, Timmons and Malcolm (supra), there was no person present whose standing the defendant could assert.
A somewhat similar explanation was given by Justice Fisher (People v Williams, 140 Misc.2d 741 [Sup Ct, Kings County 1988]). However he limited it to cases of joint possession (supra, at 746-747) leaving a doubt as to why the court granted standing in Millan (supra), while not granting standing in Torres (supra).
In the light of the above explanation this court denies the motion by the defendant for suppression of the evidence seized or in the alternative for a hearing thereon (People v Rodriguez, 69 N.Y.2d 159, supra). The facts alleged by this defendant do not show that this defendant had a legitimate expectation of privacy in the area searched. Further, while the defendant is charged with possession by way of constructive possession he has failed to show that there was any person present whose standing he could assert (cf., People v Millan, 69 N.Y.2d 514, supra; People v Mosley, 68 N.Y.2d 881, supra; People v Wesley, supra; cf. also, People v Pagan, 138 Misc.2d 802 [Sup Ct, Bronx County 1988, Price, J.] [I note that in Pagan there was a person present at the time the drugs were seized who could show a legitimate expectation of privacy and therefore standing]).