Opinion
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of the city and county of San Francisco, and from an order refusing a new trial.
COUNSEL
Davis Louderback, for Appellant.
Attorney-General Hart, and Deputy Attorney-General Jackson, for Respondent.
JUDGES: In Bank. Temple, C. Foote, C., and Belcher, C., concurred.
OPINION
TEMPLE, Judge
The defendant was arraigned and tried for the crime of murder, and having been found guilty of manslaughter, appeals from the judgment, and from the order refusing a new trial.
The only error alleged in regard to the admission of evidence consists in permitting a medical witness to testify from his examination of the deceased the distance of the deceased from the muzzle of the pistol at the time of its discharge. The witness said: "I should think the pistol was about four feet, -- that is, the muzzle of the pistol, -- not including the length of the arm, -- about four feet from the wounded man, as near as I can tell."
The only proof of the competency of the witness as an expert was, that he was a physician, and his statement, "I have had some experience as to gun-shot wounds in the last two years." That the ruling was erroneous, there can be no doubt. A physician is not, as such, an expert upon such matters. If he found that the flesh was burned or contained unburned powder, he would know that the pistol must have been near, but this is matter of common observation, and not a matter of special knowledge. The facts being stated, it was for the jury to judge. (People v. Westlake , 62 Cal. 303; People v. Smith , 4 P. C. L. J. 213; 1 Greenl. Ev., and cases cited.) But while it was plainly error, it is simply impossible to see how it could have prejudiced the defendant. There were no witnesses to the homicide, except the defendant. His testimony in his own behalf was, that the deceased was coming at him with a brick raised to strike him, and he raised the pistol to frighten the deceased away, and it went off. The only contrary statement was an alleged confession to a policeman, to the effect that deceased grabbed him by the throat, and he fired at him once and threw his pistol over the fence. There is certainly, therefore, nothing in the medical opinion, improperly admitted, inconsistent with defendant's evidence or theory of defense, and nothing which could strengthen the claim of the prosecution.
The court gave an instruction substantially embodying section 1105 of the Penal Code, but omitting the qualification contained in the statute, "unless the proof on the part of the prosecution tends to show that the crime committed only amounts to manslaughter, or that the defendant was justifiable or excusable." These words were inserted in the statute as a qualification of the rule laid down, and it would be going a long way for the court to say that it is of no effect or value. Certainly the purpose of this qualification, if it serves any, is not accomplished by the general charge as to reasonable doubt, which may arise upon a consideration of the whole case. Without this qualification, the jury might be led to believe that they must look to evidence introduced [29 P. 710] by the defendant only, for mitigating circumstances, or for evidence to justify or excuse the act. The legislature must have entertained that opinion, or they would not have added the qualification.
The instruction that, "to justify a person for killing another upon the ground of self-defense, the killing must be done under a well-founded belief that it was absolutely necessary for such person to kill the deceased to save himself from great bodily harm," is, when taken in connection with other parts of the charge, not a ground for reversal. Although not highly commendable, it has several times been held by this court not to be erroneous. (People v. Bruggy , 93 Cal. 476, and cases cited; People v. Westlake , 62 Cal. 303.)
As to the exceptions that certain instructions asked were not given in the very language in which they were proposed, the record shows that they were given substantially. It is impossible to see how the defendant could have been injured by the changes made.
Under the circumstances, it is not necessary to comment at length upon the line of argument which the court permitted the district attorney to pursue in his closing speech. It was certainly very unfair to draw any conclusions adverse to the defendant from the fact that he had not stated certain important matters, contained in his testimony on the trial, at the coroner's inquest. He was not sworn at the inquest, and although taken there by the officers, he was dumb, unless speech was given him by the jury, who were conducting an ex parte examination, and called whom they pleased as witnesses. Even the remarks of the court seemed to imply that it was proper to claim that defendant had failed to make the same statements before the coroner. It was an unfair inference.
Some of the remarks of this court in the case of People v. Lee Chuck , 78 Cal. 317, would be appropriate here.
The judgment and order should be reversed.
The Court. -- For the reasons given in the foregoing opinion, the judgment and order are reversed.