Opinion
2019-1224 N CR
11-04-2021
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Cory LEGNETTI, Appellant.
Nassau County Legal Aid Society (Tammy Feman and Marquetta Christy of counsel), for appellant. Nassau County District Attorney (Kevin C. King and Benjamin A. Kussman of counsel), for respondent.
Nassau County Legal Aid Society (Tammy Feman and Marquetta Christy of counsel), for appellant.
Nassau County District Attorney (Kevin C. King and Benjamin A. Kussman of counsel), for respondent.
PRESENT: ELIZABETH H. EMERSON, J.P., TIMOTHY S. DRISCOLL, HELEN VOUTSINAS, JJ.
ORDERED that the judgment of conviction is reversed, on the law, the counts of the accusatory instrument charging defendant with speeding and unsafe lane change are dismissed, the fines and surcharges imposed on those convictions, if paid, are remitted, and the matter is remitted to the District Court for a new trial on the count charging defendant with driving while ability impaired. Insofar as is relevant to this appeal, following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of driving while ability impaired ( Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1192 [1] ), speeding ( Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1180 [d] ), and two counts of unsafe lane change ( Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1128 [a] ). On appeal, defendant contends, among other things, that the second unsafe lane change count was multiplicitous; that the evidence was legally insufficient to sustain so much of the judgment as convicted him of the speeding and unsafe lane change counts; and that the verdict as to all counts was against the weight of the evidence.
Defendant's contention that the second unsafe lane change count was multiplicitous is unpreserved for appellate review as no objection was raised thereto in the District Court (see CPL 470.05 [2] ; People v. Denton , 187 A.D.3d 933, 130 N.Y.S.3d 370 [2020] ; People v. McClean , 137 A.D.3d 940, 942, 28 N.Y.S.3d 81 [2016] ; see also People v. Becoats , 17 N.Y.3d 643, 650, 934 N.Y.S.2d 737, 958 N.E.2d 865 [2011] ), and we decline to consider this contention in the interest of justice.
Defendant argues that the evidence was legally insufficient to sustain his conviction of the unsafe lane change counts because the People failed to establish that the lane changes were not safely made. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1128 provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
"Whenever any roadway has been divided into two or more clearly marked lanes for traffic the following rules in addition to all others consistent herewith shall apply:
(a) A vehicle shall be driven as nearly as practicable entirely within a single lane and shall not be moved from such lane until the driver has first ascertained that such movement can be made with safety."
Although the police officer testified that the width of the front and rear tires of defendant's vehicle twice crossed over into the oncoming lane of traffic, he provided no testimony regarding how such movement out of the traffic lane was unsafe (see People v. Krasniqi , 58 Misc. 3d 158[A], 2018 N.Y. Slip Op. 50245[U], 2018 WL 1037437 [App. Term, 2d Dept., 9th & 10th Jud. Dists. 2018] ). The officer stated that the traffic was light and provided no testimony as to whether there were cars in the oncoming lane of traffic. Viewing the foregoing evidence in the light most favorable to the People (see People v. Contes , 60 N.Y.2d 620, 621, 467 N.Y.S.2d 349, 454 N.E.2d 932 [1983] ), and indulging in all reasonable inferences in the People's favor (see People v. Ford , 66 N.Y.2d 428, 437, 497 N.Y.S.2d 637, 488 N.E.2d 458 [1985] ), we find that the evidence was legally insufficient to establish defendant's guilt, beyond a reasonable doubt, of the two counts of unsafe lane change (see People v. Krasniqi , 58 Misc. 3d 158[A], 2018 N.Y. Slip Op. 50245[U] ).
Defendant further argues that the evidence was legally insufficient to sustain his speeding conviction because the police officer based his determination of the speed of his vehicle solely on the untested speedometer of a police car. It is well settled that the testimony of a police officer qualified to visually estimate the speed of moving vehicles, standing alone, is sufficient to support a speeding conviction where the variance between the officer's visual estimate of speed of the defendant's vehicle and the posted speed limit is "sufficiently wide, so that [the fact finder] may be certain beyond a reasonable doubt that ... defendant exceeded the permissible limit" ( People v. Olsen , 22 N.Y.2d 230, 232, 292 N.Y.S.2d 420, 239 N.E.2d 354 [1968] ; see also People v. Goldmann , 61 Misc. 3d 149[A], 2018 N.Y. Slip Op. 51746[U], 2018 WL 6441053 [App. Term, 2d Dept., 9th & 10th Jud. Dists. 2018] ; People v. Krasniqi , 58 Misc. 3d 158[A], 2018 N.Y. Slip Op. 50245[U] ). In addition, the reading of an untested speedometer, when taken in conjunction with a qualified officer's visual estimate, is legally sufficient to establish the speed of a moving vehicle (see People v. Dusing , 5 N.Y.2d 126, 128, 181 N.Y.S.2d 493, 155 N.E.2d 393 [1959] ; People v. Goldmann , 61 Misc. 3d 149[A], 2018 N.Y. Slip Op. 51746[U] ). However, the reading of an untested speedometer, standing alone, is insufficient to establish, beyond a reasonable doubt, the speed of a vehicle (see People v. Dusing , 5 N.Y.2d at 127-128, 181 N.Y.S.2d 493, 155 N.E.2d 393 ; People v. Marsellus , 2 N.Y.2d 653, 655, 163 N.Y.S.2d 1, 143 N.E.2d 1 [1957] ; People v. Heyser , 2 N.Y.2d 390, 393, 161 N.Y.S.2d 36, 141 N.E.2d 553 [1957] ).
In the case at bar, it is uncontroverted that the posted speed limit was 35 miles per hour (mph), and the police officer did not provide a visual estimate of the speed of defendant's vehicle. The officer merely stated that he paced the speed of defendant's vehicle and that the untested speedometer of his police car showed that the speed of defendant's vehicle "was approximately 55" mph. Viewing the foregoing evidence in the light most favorable to the People (see People v. Contes , 60 N.Y.2d at 621, 467 N.Y.S.2d 349, 454 N.E.2d 932 ), and indulging in all reasonable inferences in the People's favor (see People v. Ford , 66 N.Y.2d at 437, 497 N.Y.S.2d 637, 488 N.E.2d 458 ), we find that the evidence was legally insufficient to establish, beyond a reasonable doubt, defendant's guilt of speeding.
Defendant contends that so much of the verdict as convicted him of driving while ability impaired was against the weight of the evidence, as the evidence did not support the conclusion that his ability to execute the physical and mental tasks associated with driving was compromised.
Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1192 (1) provides that "No person shall operate a motor vehicle while the person's ability to operate such motor vehicle is impaired by the consumption of alcohol." Here, the police officer testified that defendant had red, glassy, bloodshot eyes, and slightly slurred speech; that a strong odor of an alcoholic beverage emanated from defendant's breath; that defendant admitted that he had consumed two beers; that defendant failed one field sobriety test and refused to perform other field sobriety tests, and that defendant refused to take a portable breath test (PBT) at the scene or a chemical breath test at the precinct. The officer further testified that defendant was driving at "approximately 55" mph in a 35 mph zone, and that the tires of defendant's vehicle twice crossed over into the oncoming lane of traffic. The officer also testified that, after he had activated the emergency lights of the police car in order to pull defendant's vehicle over, defendant kept driving around a curve in order to safely pull his vehicle off the road, and that defendant was not unsteady on his feet, and provided his driver's license with no issues (see People v. Sines , 129 A.D.3d 1220, 10 N.Y.S.3d 741 [2015] ; People v. Enriquez , 69 Misc. 3d 127[A], 2020 N.Y. Slip Op. 51123[U], 2020 WL 5884347 [App. Term, 2d Dept., 9th & 10th Jud. Dists. 2020] ).
Upon the exercise of this court's factual review power (see CPL 470.15 [5] ; People v. Danielson , 9 N.Y.3d 342, 348, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1 [2007] ), we are of the opinion that so much of the verdict as convicted defendant of driving while ability impaired was not against the weight of the evidence. Notwithstanding the foregoing, we find that so much of the judgment as convicted defendant of driving while ability impaired must, nevertheless, be reversed and the matter remitted to the District Court for a new trial on that count. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1194 (1) (b) provides that every person operating a motor vehicle in violation of any of the provisions of its chapter can be asked by a police officer to submit to a breath test and, if the test result indicates the consumption of alcohol, the officer can request the driver to submit to a chemical test. If the driver refuses to take a chemical test after being given sufficient warning, in clear and unequivocal language, evidence of the refusal is admissible at trial pursuant to Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1194 (2) (f). However, there is no corresponding provision with respect to a driver's refusal to take a PBT (see generally People v. Santiago , 56 Misc. 3d 127[A], 2017 N.Y. Slip Op. 50813[U], 2017 WL 2674039 [App. Term, 2d Dept., 9th & 10th Jud. Dist. 2017] ; People v. Carron , 51 Misc. 3d 135[A], 2016 N.Y. Slip Op. 50555[U], 2016 WL 1532560 [App. Term, 2d Dept., 9th & 10th Jud. Dists. 2016] ; People v. McMahon , 43 Misc. 3d 140[A], 2014 N.Y. Slip Op. 50812[U], 2014 WL 2178872 [App. Term, 2d Dept., 9th & 10th Jud. Dists. 2014] ; People v. Atkinson , 42 Misc. 3d 139[A], 2014 N.Y. Slip Op. 50169[U], 2014 WL 562566 [App. Term, 2d Dept., 9th & 10th Jud. Dists. 2014] ).
We note that the facts of People v. MacDonald, 89 N.Y.2d 908, 653 N.Y.S.2d 267, 675 N.E.2d 1219 (1996) are distinguishable from those at bar wherein defendant, in the first instance, refused to consent to take a PBT. In MacDonald , wherein the defendant had consented to take an alco-sensor test at the scene and then attempted to provide an inadequate breath sample for the test, the Court of Appeals held that evidence of the defendant's failure to properly take the PBT was admissible "as evidence of consciousness of guilt, particularly in light of the trial court's limiting instructions to the jury on this point" (id. at 910, 653 N.Y.S.2d 267, 675 N.E.2d 1219 ).
In view of the foregoing, we find that the prejudicial effect of the District Court's charge as it relates to defendant's refusal to consent to a PBT outweighed any probative value.
Accordingly, the judgment of conviction is reversed, the counts of the accusatory instrument charging defendant with speeding and unsafe lane change are dismissed, and the matter is remitted to the District Court for a new trial on the count charging defendant with driving while ability impaired.
EMERSON, J.P., DRISCOLL and VOUTSINAS, JJ., concur.