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In People v Kloosterman, 296 Mich App 636, 640; 823 NW2d 134 (2012), this Court, interpreting MCL 750.159i(1), stated that "a defendant, acting alone, cannot be both the person and the enterprise."
Summary of this case from People v. DabishOpinion
Docket No. 303443.
2012-05-22
PEOPLE v. KLOOSTERMAN.
Bill Schuette, Attorney General, John J. Bursch, Solicitor General, William A. Forsyth, Prosecuting Attorney, and Timothy K. McMorrow, Chief Appellate Attorney, for the people. Daniel J. Rust for defendant.
Bill Schuette, Attorney General, John J. Bursch, Solicitor General, William A. Forsyth, Prosecuting Attorney, and Timothy K. McMorrow, Chief Appellate Attorney, for the people. Daniel J. Rust for defendant.
Before: BECKERING, P.J., and OWENS and , JJ.
, J.
Defendant, Eric A. Kloosterman, appeals as of right his conviction by jury trial for conducting a criminal enterprise (racketeering), MCL 750.159i(1). We vacate defendant's conviction and sentence.
Defendant's conviction arose from a series of fraudulent returns at a Home Depot store. Dustin Vandermeer, an asset-protection specialist, was alerted to a suspected fraudulent return and subsequently began an investigation. Vandermeer's investigation involved suspicious returns connected to three separate pieces of identification, and upon viewing surveillance videos corresponding to those returns, Vandermeer discovered that the same individual appeared to be responsible for all of them.
To process a return without a receipt, Home Depot requires that the customer present a Michigan driver's license or a Michigan identification card.
On April 7, 2010, Sheila Allen, a returns cashier, alerted Vandermeer to yet another potentially fraudulent return. One week later, Vandermeer called the police, provided them with receipts from the suspected fraudulent transactions, and provided defendant's name as a possible suspect. Police found eight items for sale on craigslist associated with defendant's telephone number and instructions to interested buyers to call “Eric,” who identified himself as a construction worker. Additionally, a number of the products for sale were Ryobi products, a brand sold exclusively at Home Depot, and many of them were described as new.
The police subsequently responded to the craigslist advertisement, set up a meeting, and arrested defendant upon his arrival at the arranged meeting place. A police search of defendant and his vehicle revealed the pieces of identification used for the fraudulent returns and a number of new and used Ryobi products.
At trial, both Vandermeer and Allen testified that defendant was the individual they saw on April 7, 2010, and Vandermeer identified defendant as the suspect he had seen in the surveillance videos. Copies of the receipts were also admitted into evidence, some of which were signed with defendant's name.
Defendant claims there was insufficient evidence to sustain his racketeering conviction under MCL 750.159i(1) because he was neither employed by nor associated with a criminal enterprise. Specifically, defendant asserts that the prosecution failed to present sufficient evidence of defendant's involvement in a criminal enterprise separate and distinct from himself. The prosecution argues, however, that the language of MCL 750.159i(1) does not make this distinction. Instead, because the definition of “enterprise” includes “individual[s],” MCL 750.159f(a), defendant's pattern of activity supports his racketeering conviction.
Claims of insufficient evidence are reviewed de novo. People v. Hawkins, 245 Mich.App. 439, 457, 628 N.W.2d 105 (2001). A court reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution and determine whether the evidence was sufficient to allow any rational trier of fact to find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. People v. Hunter, 466 Mich. 1, 6, 643 N.W.2d 218 (2002).
Questions of statutory interpretation are also reviewed de novo. People v. Osantowski, 481 Mich. 103, 107, 748 N.W.2d 799 (2008). When interpreting a statute, this Court's primary purpose is to give effect to the intent of the Legislature. People v. Morey, 461 Mich. 325, 329–330, 603 N.W.2d 250 (1999). If the statutory language is unambiguous, the Legislature is presumed to have intended the meaning expressed and further judicial construction is impermissible. Id. at 330, 603 N.W.2d 250. Words in a statute are given their plain and ordinary meaning, id., and in addition to considering the plain meaning of words, courts must consider the placement and purpose of those words in the context of the statutory scheme, People v. Gillis, 474 Mich. 105, 114, 712 N.W.2d 419 (2006).
However, if the statutory language is ambiguous, judicial construction is appropriate. People v. Feezel, 486 Mich. 184, 205, 783 N.W.2d 67 (2010). A statutory provision is ambiguous if it irreconcilably conflicts with another provision or is equally susceptible of more than one meaning. People v. Gardner, 482 Mich. 41, 50 n. 12, 753 N.W.2d 78 (2008). “A statute that is unambiguous on its face may be rendered ambiguous by its interaction with, and its relation to, other statutes.” People v. McLaughlin, 258 Mich.App. 635, 673, 672 N.W.2d 860 (2003). In construing a statute, “[t]he court should presume that every word has some meaning and should avoid any construction that would render a statute, or any part of it, surplusage or nugatory.” People v. Nickerson, 227 Mich.App. 434, 439, 575 N.W.2d 804 (1998).
Defendant was convicted under MCL 750.159i(1), which reads:
A person employed by, or associated with, an enterprise shall not knowingly conduct or participate in the affairs of the enterprise directly or indirectly through a pattern of racketeering activity.
The definition of “person” includes “individual[s].” MCL 750.159f(d). The definition of “enterprise” also includes “individual[s].” MCL 750.159f(a). But we must consider these words in the context of the provision as a whole. Gillis, 474 Mich. at 114, 712 N.W.2d 419. To do this, we must define “associate” and “employ,” and because the statute under which defendant was convicted does not define these terms, this Court may consult dictionary definitions to determine their plain meanings. People v. Peals, 476 Mich. 636, 641, 720 N.W.2d 196 (2006). The word “associate” means “to align or commit (oneself) as a companion, partner, or colleague,” Random House Webster's College Dictionary (1997), def. 2, and the word “employ” means “to engage the services of (a person or persons); hire,” id., def. 1.
There is no dispute that, as an individual, defendant could meet the definitions of both a “person” and an “enterprise.” But these definitions may not be applied in a vacuum. Because of the way in which MCL 750.159i(1) is structured, a defendant, acting alone, cannot be both the person and the enterprise. To associate, a person must necessarily align or partner with another person or entity. Indeed, the meaning of the word is not ordinarily interpreted as meaning that a person associates with himself or herself, and it would stretch the meaning of the word beyond reason to conclude that the Legislature intended such an unusual usage. Similarly, to be employed requires that a person have been engaged or hired by some other entity; people do not generally find themselves in a situation calling for hiring themselves or engaging their own services.
Consequently, we conclude that the Legislature's inclusion of the requirement that the person be employed by or associated with an enterprise necessarily requires at least two distinct entities to have been involved to support a conviction under MCL 750.159i(1). The prosecution asserts that defendant could have been self-employed, but that assertion ignores the inclusion of both “individual” and “sole proprietorship” in the definition of “enterprise” in MCL 750.159f(a). We decline to twist the interpretation of the statute to render the inclusion of “sole proprietorship” surplusage.
We recognize that there are two prior unpublished opinions from this Court that addressed this issue. Unpublished opinions are not binding authority, but they may be persuasive. MCR 7.215(C)(1); People v. Green, 260 Mich.App. 710, 720 n. 5, 680 N.W.2d 477 (2004). These opinions—People v. Polk, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued March 2, 2010 (Docket No. 286772), 2010 WL 716099, and People v. Boles, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued June 28, 2011 (Docket No. 296684), 2011 WL 2555363—arrived at conclusions seemingly contrary to each other. In Polk, a panel of this Court declined to adopt the defendant's argument that racketeering required the involvement of at least two individuals, chiefly because the defendant had offered no caselaw to support it. In contrast, in Boles, a later panel of this Court had an opportunity to conduct a thorough analysis, and it subsequently held that the employment or association requirements in the statute required at least two entities, whether physically or legally distinct. We find the analysis in Boles persuasive and agree with its conclusion.
We conclude that, applying the plain and ordinary meaning of the words in MCL 750.159i(1), the statute requires the prosecution to show that the enterprise was either a separate and distinct individual or any other legally distinct entity falling within the definition of “enterprise.” Because no evidence was presented in this case to show that defendant associated with or was employed by any other physical or legal person or entity, there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction for conducting a criminal enterprise under MCL 750.159i.
“ ‘Enterprise’ includes an individual, sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, limited liability company, trust, union, association, governmental unit, or other legal entity or a group of persons associated in fact although not a legal entity.” MCL 750.159f(a).
The federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), 18 U.S.C. § 1961 et seq., bears some similarity to the statute at bar. The phrase “any person employed by or associated with any enterprise” in 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c), in which the definitions of “person” and “enterprise” both include “individual[s],” 18 U.S.C. § 1961(3) and (4), has been held by the United States Supreme Court to plainly require “two distinct entities” because “[i]n ordinary English one speaks of employing, being employed by, or associating with others, not oneself.” Cedric Kushner Promotions, Ltd. v. King, 533 U.S. 158, 161, 121 S.Ct. 2087, 150 L.Ed.2d 198 (2001). We agree with that reasoning with regard to the plain meaning of that particular usage of the English language, although we do not rely on it in light of our Supreme Court's disapproval of construing Michigan's racketeering statute on the basis of federal authorities' analyses of RICO. People v. Guerra, 469 Mich. 966, 671 N.W.2d 535 (2003); People v. Gonzalez, 469 Mich. 967, 671 N.W.2d 536 (2003).
Defendant's conviction and sentence are vacated. Despite defendant's concession that there is sufficient evidence to convict him of first-degree retail fraud, MCL 750.356c, we cannot state unequivocally that the jury's verdict included a specific finding of every element necessary to support a conviction of this cognate offense. See People v. Bearss, 463 Mich. 623, 632–633, 625 N.W.2d 10 (2001). As long as double jeopardy is not implicated in the process, see Const. 1963, art. 1, § 15; People v. Smith, 478 Mich. 292, 298–304, 733 N.W.2d 351 (2007), there is nothing to preclude the prosecutor from charging defendant with a cognate offense.