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holding that the trial court did not err in denying a mistrial where wearing the three-inch diameter buttons was ordered stopped by the trial court on what was likely the only day they were worn
Summary of this case from Cagle v. StateOpinion
Docket No. 160499.
Submitted December 6, 1995, at Detroit.
Decided February 2, 1996, at 9:00 A.M. Leave to appeal sought.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, Jon R. Sahli, Prosecuting Attorney, and Nancy Mullett, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
State Appellate Defender (by Peter Jon Van Hoek), for the defendant on appeal.
Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of first-degree murder, MCL 750.316; MSA 28.548, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, MCL 750.227b; MSA 28.424(2). He was sentenced to consecutive prison terms of two years for the felony-firearm conviction and life imprisonment without possibility of parole for the murder conviction. He appeals as of right. We affirm.
Defendant first contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied his motion for a change of venue based on pretrial publicity. We disagree. All of the seated jurors who were aware of media coverage indicated under oath that they could decide the case on the basis of what was presented in court and would follow the court's instruction regarding presumption of innocence. All of the seated jurors denied having an opinion regarding defendant's guilt. The "initial presumption is that they are honoring their oath and are being truthful." People v DeLisle, 202 Mich. App. 658, 663; 509 N.W.2d 885 (1993).
Here, ninety-five potential jurors were interviewed. As in DeLisle, less than one-third were excused for cause because of bias against defendant. Three were excused because they believed that defendant was not guilty. None of the seated jurors indicated knowledge of matters beyond the general facts of the case, certainly not as damaging as the defendant's inadmissible confession in DeLisle.
In our opinion, defendant has not shown that there was "a pattern of strong community feeling against him and that the publicity is so extensive and inflammatory that jurors could not remain impartial when exposed to it," "that the jury was actually prejudiced," or that "the atmosphere was such as would create a probability of prejudice." People v Passeno, 195 Mich. App. 91, 98; 489 N.W.2d 152 (1992). Therefore, the court did not abuse its discretion when it denied defendant's motion for a change of venue.
Defendant next argues that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to resolve motions in limine before voir dire. We do not agree with defendant's assertion that the court's action amounted to a limitation on voir dire as occurred in People v Tyburski, 445 Mich. 606; 518 N.W.2d 441 (1994). We find no abuse of discretion.
We also do not believe that the trial court abused its discretion by refusing to grant defendant additional peremptory challenges under MCR 6.412(E)(2). The amount of publicity in this case was not good cause for additional peremptory challenges because the trial court's assessment that the publicity was not unfairly biased against defendant has not been proven clearly erroneous despite defense counsel's conclusory claims that the publicity was "overwhelmingly negative." Although there was wide publicity, those prospective jurors who had opinions concerning defendant's guilt were dismissed for cause. See People v Lee, 212 Mich. App. 228, 252; 537 N.W.2d 233 (1995). In addition, we find no abuse of discretion in the court's refusal of defendant's motion to sequester the jury.
The trial court's denial of defendant's motion for a mistrial because certain spectators at the trial wore buttons depicting the victim was not "so grossly in error as to deprive [him] of a fair trial or to amount to a miscarriage of justice." People v McAlister, 203 Mich. App. 495, 503; 513 N.W.2d 431 (1994). We are not persuaded by defendant's argument that the wearing of the buttons, which were less than three inches in diameter, was equivalent to communication with the jury or that they could have influenced the panel. In fact, the buttons were not brought to the court's attention until the twelfth day of trial, and were thereafter ordered excluded. It is not even clear that the buttons were worn in the courtroom more than one day. The court's ruling was wholly appropriate.
Having rejected each of the above arguments individually, we also conclude that the cumulative effect of the alleged errors did not deny defendant the right to due process and to an impartial jury.
Defendant next contends that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting evidence concerning the use of a tracking dog. We agree with the trial court that an adequate foundation was established. Contrary to defendant's argument, the prosecution was not required to show that the trail was fresh and uncontaminated, but rather that "the trail had not become so stale or contaminated as to be beyond the dog's competency to follow it." People v Harper, 43 Mich. App. 500, 508; 204 N.W.2d 263 (1972). The fact that police officers had been in the loft before the dog was given access is relevant to the weight rather than the admissibility of the evidence.
Defendant next argues that he was denied a fair trial by the prosecutor's use of a chart that referred to meetings between defendant and other female students and former students as "dates" and by the presentation of evidence from which the jury could infer the existence of extramarital sexual relationships. We note that the trial court's ruling that evidence concerning alleged affairs was inadmissible under MRE 404(b) was based on the court's reading of People v Golochowicz, 413 Mich. 298; 319 N.W.2d 518 (1982). As the Supreme Court explained in People v VanderVliet, 444 Mich. 52, 65-66; 508 N.W.2d 114 (1993), "the Golochowicz `test' does not set the standard for the admissibility of other acts evidence." The evidence concerning alleged affairs was not being offered to "show the criminal propensity of an individual to establish that he acted in conformity therewith," VanderVliet at 65, but rather as proof of marital discord as a motive for murder. See People v Fisher, 449 Mich. 441, 453; 537 N.W.2d 577 (1995). Therefore, it appears that the evidence would have been admissible under VanderVliet. In any event, we do not believe that the prosecutor's actions denied defendant a fair trial or that the court abused its discretion in denying defendant's motion for a mistrial because of the chart.
Defendant also contends that the trial court erred in denying his motions for a mistrial during the prosecutor's opening statement. During the opening statement, the prosecutor discussed a threatening note that the victim received and stated:
Now, probably you're all familiar with these types of notes from watching television programs and movies. And [sic, in?] the television programs and in the movies these crazed killers send these notes to the victim. But the experts know one thing, experience shows that these notes are either from family members or from the Defendant himself.
After defense counsel objected, the court ordered the prosecutor to abstain from further reference to such evidence and later instructed the jury that statements of the lawyers were not evidence. The prosecutor tried to have expert testimony regarding this issue admitted, but the trial court held that the prosecution did not show that the testimony satisfied the Davis/Frye test. We believe that the prosecutor acted in good faith and that the isolated reference to this proposed evidence did not deny defendant a fair trial. People v Johnson, 187 Mich. App. 621, 626; 468 N.W.2d 307 (1991).
People v Davis, 343 Mich. 348; 72 N.W.2d 269 (1955); Frye v United States, 54 App DC 46; 293 F 1013 (1923).
We also do not believe that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied defendant's motion for a mistrial following an unresponsive answer from a prosecution witness. The prosecutor asked, "With reference to the letter specifically, what did Mrs. King say about her concern?" The witness responded:
She just told me that she was really scared that, you know, that she didn't know, you know. She was just really scared about them.
Because obviously she explained all these, you know, the reason why that, you know, she had — the kids couldn't come over and play in the snow, you know.
Because I was like you, Diane. You know, did they find out who did this. And at one time she said well, I just thought Brad — to the phone call — Brad was just playing a sick joke, and we laughed about that. [Emphasis added.]
But these letters and, you know, she was really scared and she told me about a break-in at the house.
Defendant later asked for a mistrial on the basis that the prosecutor "knowingly, willfully and intentionally pursued a line of questioning that was outside this Court's ruling regarding the hearsay of Diane King." We agree with the trial court's explanation regarding why the volunteered information was not grounds for a mistrial:
There is no evidence in the statement itself that it was anything but an offhand comment by Diane King, and apparently by virtue of this witness and Diane King laughing about it, Diane King did not describe [sic, ascribe] any validity to the original conclusion she may have entertained for however brief a moment.
So, I see no grounds for a mistrial. The evidence I find is not sufficiently prejudicial to the Defendant in that it's apparent that no serious thought was entertained as to the validity of the comment.
Defendant next argues that he was denied a fair trial because a tape-recorded reference to a police request that he take a polygraph examination was not deleted from the tape before it was played for the jury. The reference occurred during police questioning of defendant:
[ Detective:] Okay. Let me ask you this. Let me ask you this. Would you agree to a polygraph test? I got to have some answers. I got to have some logic in this thing. Something has got to make sense to me, this doesn't.
[ Defendant:] Doesn't make sense to me either, Jack, and it's coming out of my mouth.
It is undisputed that the defense had a transcript of the tape before the tape was played and did not object to the reference until after the tape was played. Having considered the factors set forth in People v Rocha, 110 Mich. App. 1, 8-9; 312 N.W.2d 657 (1981), we conclude that the reference was not a ground for a mistrial because defendant's objection was not timely, the reference was brief and did not indicate whether a polygraph test was actually taken, and the court instructed the jury to disregard "any and all reference made to the term polygraph or polygraph test."
Defendant also contends that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting evidence of the victim's statements concerning her fears. According to defendant's argument, the statements were hearsay, and MRE 803(3) did not apply because the victim's state of mind was not in issue. We agree with the trial court that the victim's fears as a result of the letter and phone calls explained why she adopted certain precautions when she arrived at her house. Her habits in this regard were relevant to the prosecution's theory of the case that the victim would not have gotten out of her car when she arrived at home without waiting for defendant. Defendant's position, which relies on People v White, 401 Mich. 482; 257 N.W.2d 912 (1977), for the proposition that the decedent's state of mind must itself be "at issue," was not the approach taken by the Supreme Court in Fisher, supra. We find no abuse of discretion.
Finally, we decline defendant's invitation to impose a duty on the trial court to order sua sponte the questioning of witnesses who may have violated the sequestration order by observing media coverage of the trial. Unlike in People v Cutler, 73 Mich. App. 313, 316; 251 N.W.2d 303 (1977), a case cited by defendant, he has not raised "arguable questions of prejudice." See also People v Solak, 146 Mich. App. 659, 669; 382 N.W.2d 495 (1985) ("A defendant who complains on appeal that a witness violated the lower court's sequestration order must demonstrate that prejudice resulted."). We believe that the trial court took adequate measures to control the trial proceedings and that a mistrial was not warranted.
Affirmed.