Opinion
1146 KA 19-02253
03-11-2022
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Kyle KILGORE, Defendant-Appellant.
FRANK H. HISCOCK LEGAL AID SOCIETY, SYRACUSE (NATHANIEL V. RILEY OF COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT. WILLIAM J. FITZPATRICK, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, SYRACUSE (BRADLEY W. OASTLER OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.
FRANK H. HISCOCK LEGAL AID SOCIETY, SYRACUSE (NATHANIEL V. RILEY OF COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
WILLIAM J. FITZPATRICK, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, SYRACUSE (BRADLEY W. OASTLER OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.
PRESENT: WHALEN, P.J., SMITH, NEMOYER, AND CURRAN, JJ.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously modified on the law by reversing those parts convicting defendant of criminal sexual act in the third degree under count one of the indictment, sexual abuse in the third degree under counts three and four of the indictment and endangering the welfare of a child under counts six and eight of the indictment, and dismissing counts three, four, six and eight of the indictment, and as modified the judgment is affirmed and a new trial is granted on count one of the indictment.
Memorandum: Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him, upon a jury verdict, of two counts of criminal sexual act in the third degree ( Penal Law § 130.40 [2] ), two counts of sexual abuse in the third degree (§ 130.55), two counts of endangering the welfare of a child (§ 260.10 [1]), and one count of perjury in the first degree (§ 210.15). Defendant contends that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence. We reject that contention. In performing a weight of the evidence review, this Court essentially sits as a thirteenth juror, and we must "weigh the evidence in light of the elements of the crime[s] as charged to the other jurors" ( People v. Danielson , 9 N.Y.3d 342, 349, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1 [2007] ). Here, viewing the evidence in light of the elements of the abovementioned crimes as charged to the jury (see id. ), we conclude that the verdict is not against the weight of the evidence (see generally People v. Bleakley , 69 N.Y.2d 490, 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672 [1987] ). "Although a different result would not have been unreasonable, the jury was in the best position to assess the credibility of the witnesses and, on this record, it cannot be said that the jury failed to give the evidence the weight it should be accorded" ( People v. Dame , 144 A.D.3d 1625, 1626, 42 N.Y.S.3d 514 [4th Dept. 2016], lv denied 29 N.Y.3d 948, 54 N.Y.S.3d 378, 76 N.E.3d 1081 [2017] [internal quotation marks omitted]; see People v. Labell , 198 A.D.3d 1352, 1353-1354, 155 N.Y.S.3d 660 [4th Dept. 2021], lv denied 37 N.Y.3d 1147, 159 N.Y.S.3d 337, 180 N.E.3d 501 [2021] ).
However, we agree with defendant that County Court abused its discretion in curtailing defendant's cross-examination of a police detective who took a statement from the victim. " ‘Once a proper foundation is laid, a party may show that an adversary's witness has, on another occasion, made oral or written statements which are inconsistent with some material part of the trial testimony, for the purpose of impeaching the credibility and thereby discrediting the testimony of the witness’ " ( People v. Bradley , 99 A.D.3d 934, 936, 952 N.Y.S.2d 260 [2d Dept. 2012] ; see People v. Duncan , 46 N.Y.2d 74, 80, 412 N.Y.S.2d 833, 385 N.E.2d 572 [1978], rearg denied 46 N.Y.2d 940, 415 N.Y.S.2d 1027, 388 N.E.2d 372 [1979], cert denied 442 U.S. 910, 99 S.Ct. 2823, 61 L.Ed.2d 275 [1979], rearg dismissed 56 N.Y.2d 646, 450 N.Y.S.2d 1026, 436 N.E.2d 196 [1982] ; People v. Collins , 145 A.D.3d 1479, 1480, 44 N.Y.S.3d 830 [4th Dept. 2016] ). "To lay the foundation for contradiction, it is necessary to ask the witness specifically whether he [or she] has made such statements; and the usual and most accurate mode of examining the contradicting witness, is to ask the precise question put to the principal witness" ( Sloan v. New York Cent. R.R. Co. , 45 N.Y. 125, 127 [1871] ; see Bradley , 99 A.D.3d at 936, 952 N.Y.S.2d 260 ). Here, defendant laid a proper foundation by eliciting testimony from the victim that was inconsistent with the detective's written report purporting to record the victim's statement, and the court therefore should have permitted cross-examination of the detective regarding that inconsistency (see Collins , 145 A.D.3d at 1480, 44 N.Y.S.3d 830 ; People v. Mullings , 83 A.D.3d 871, 872, 921 N.Y.S.2d 152 [2d Dept. 2011], lv denied 17 N.Y.3d 904, 933 N.Y.S.2d 659, 957 N.E.2d 1163 [2011] ).
The People contend that any error in excluding the testimony is harmless. We agree with the People only in part. Where, as here, the error is constitutional in nature (see generally People v. Hudy , 73 N.Y.2d 40, 57, 538 N.Y.S.2d 197, 535 N.E.2d 250 [1988], abrogated on other grounds by Carmell v. Texas , 529 U.S. 513, 120 S.Ct. 1620, 146 L.Ed.2d 577 [2000] ), the People must establish "that there is no reasonable possibility that the error might have contributed to defendant's conviction and that it was thus harmless beyond a reasonable doubt" ( People v. Crimmins , 36 N.Y.2d 230, 237, 367 N.Y.S.2d 213, 326 N.E.2d 787 [1975] ). The testimony of the victim was the only direct evidence supporting count one of the indictment, charging criminal sexual act in the third degree, counts three and four of the indictment, charging sexual abuse in the third degree, and counts six and eight of the indictment, charging endangering the welfare of a child. We conclude that the admissible evidence of guilt with respect to those counts is not overwhelming, and that there is a reasonable possibility that the error in curtailing defense counsel's cross-examination of the detective may have contributed to defendant's conviction. We therefore modify the judgment by reversing those parts convicting defendant under counts one, three, four, six, and eight of the indictment (see generally People v. Purdy , 106 A.D.3d 1521, 1523, 964 N.Y.S.2d 376 [4th Dept. 2013] ), and by dismissing counts three, four, six, and eight of the indictment inasmuch as those are misdemeanor counts and defendant has already completed the sentence imposed on them (see People v. Smouse , 160 A.D.3d 1353, 1356, 76 N.Y.S.3d 285 [4th Dept. 2018] ), and we grant a new trial on count one of the indictment (see Collins , 145 A.D.3d at 1480, 44 N.Y.S.3d 830 ).
We reach a different conclusion, however, with respect to counts two and nine of the indictment, charging criminal sexual act in the third degree and perjury in the first degree, respectively, inasmuch as the victim's testimony concerning those counts was supported by DNA evidence. With respect to those two counts, we conclude that the court's error in curtailing defense counsel's cross-examination of the detective is harmless inasmuch as the evidence of guilt is overwhelming and there is no reasonable possibility that the erroneous exclusion of testimony contributed to defendant's conviction (see Crimmins , 36 N.Y.2d at 237, 367 N.Y.S.2d 213, 326 N.E.2d 787 ; see generally Purdy , 106 A.D.3d at 1523-1524, 964 N.Y.S.2d 376 ).
We further conclude that the sentence is not unduly harsh or severe. Finally, we have reviewed defendant's remaining contentions and conclude they do not warrant reversal or further modification of the judgment.