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finding that the lineup was not impermissibly suggestive when there were age and height differences between the defendant and the others, and the defendant was the only individual with facial scarring
Summary of this case from People v. GrahamOpinion
Docket No. 78-5093.
Decided June 4, 1980.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Edward R. Wilson, Principal Attorney, Appeals, and Gary Dettloff, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Edwin R. Leonard, for defendant on appeal.
Before: DANHOF, C.J., and CYNAR and MacKENZIE, JJ.
Defendant was convicted by a jury of unarmed robbery, contrary to MCL 750.530; MSA 28.798. He was sentenced to a term of 10 to 15 years and appeals as of right.
The complainant, Thomas Kittrell, testified that he left work at the Blue Cross-Blue Shield building in downtown Detroit early in the evening of March 23, 1978. He had parked his van in a nearby parking structure. After Kittrell stopped for a red light on an adjacent street, defendant, who had been concealed in the rear of the van, moved forward and accosted Kittrell, forcing him to drive to another location where defendant robbed him of various articles of clothing and personal effects. Defendant subsequently made good his escape on foot. Kittrell reported the incident to the police and provided a description of the robber.
A number of robberies with a similar modus operandi, perpetrated by an individual with a similar description, caused the police to establish a surveillance of the area around the Blue Cross-Blue Shield building. On March 29, 1978, defendant, who bore a strong resemblance to the description, was seen by police officers approaching a man in the vicinity where the surveillance was being conducted, apparently to accost the other individual. Together they drove to a location near where the previous robberies had been perpetrated. Suspecting that a felony was in progress and fearing for the safety of the driver of the vehicle, the police apprehended defendant. Later that same day, defendant was identified in a lineup by Thomas Kittrell as the man who robbed him. David Hall, a prior victim, also identified defendant in the lineup.
Defendant's first assignment of error involves the trial court's denial of a motion to dismiss the proceedings because of his arrest. Defendant alleges that the arrest was invalid because no probable cause existed to justify a warrantless arrest. Defendant also alleges that all subsequent proceedings are thereby void.
In People v Tebedo, 81 Mich. App. 535; 265 N.W.2d 406 (1978), we held that an arrest warrant is not required for a valid arrest when an officer has reasonable cause to believe that there has been a felony committed and reasonable cause to believe that the person arrested committed it. The officer's reasonable belief must be based on what he observes or what he learns from a reliable source. Information supplied from a reliable citizen source is enough to found a reasonable belief, People v Herrera, 19 Mich. App. 216; 172 N.W.2d 529 (1969). Such a belief may be founded upon a description related to police officers by a complainant, People v Timothy Jackson, 11 Mich. App. 630; 162 N.W.2d 114 (1968).
In the case at bar, the police officers arrested defendant while he was engaged in activity that was strikingly similar to the modus operandi of previous robberies. The arresting officers knew that previous felonies had been committed and based upon the information obtained from various complainants had reasonable cause to believe that defendant had probably perpetrated them. Defendant's warrantless arrest was valid and the trial court did not err in denying the defendant's motion to dismiss.
Defendant's second allegation of error involves the trial court's denial of a motion to suppress a lineup identification as impermissibly suggestive and as a violation of his constitutional rights. He alleges that the lineup was unduly suggestive because of age and height differences between defendant and the other participants. Defendant also alleges that he was forced to remain in one position throughout the lineup procedure and that the police officials conducting the lineup pointed defendant out to the viewing complainants.
In People v Wiejecha, 14 Mich. App. 486; 165 N.W.2d 642 (1968), we held that a defendant is entitled to an evidentiary hearing where the admissibility of evidence is challenged on constitutional grounds. In People v Piscunere, 26 Mich. App. 52; 181 N.W.2d 782 (1970), we extended this rule to a defendant's claim of a constitutionally improper lineup. See also People v Reynolds, 93 Mich. App. 516; 286 N.W.2d 898 (1979).
The standard of review in such an evidentiary hearing requires that the identification procedure followed must not be so unnecessarily suggestive and conducive to irreparable mistaken identification that defendant is denied due process of law, Stovall v Denno, 388 U.S. 293; 87 S.Ct. 1967; 18 L Ed 2d 1199 (1967). The trial court must look at the totality of circumstances surrounding the lineup identification procedure. Foster v California, 394 U.S. 440; 89 S.Ct. 1127; 22 L.Ed.2d 402 (1969). An examination of the record in the instant case reveals that the lineup procedure and composition thereof were free of any taint or suggestion. The physical characteristics of the participants involved in the lineup were not so unduly suggestive as to prejudice defendant.
Defendant alleges that a mole-type scar on his right cheek precluded the selection of any of the other lineup participants and that lack of precautions to cover such scar was error.
In People v Mack, 21 Mich. App. 96; 174 N.W.2d 857 (1970), we found in an analogous situation that presence of a scar was not enough to vitiate the lineup identification procedure. See People v Lloyd, 5 Mich. App. 717; 147 N.W.2d 740 (1967). Defendant's scar alone was not so significant as to preclude identification based upon other physical characteristics.
In People v Rivard, 59 Mich. App. 530; 230 N.W.2d 6 (1975), we held that the burden rests with the defendant to factually support a claim that the lineup was impermissibly suggestive, when counsel is present. The record of the case at bar indicates that counsel was present throughout the lineup procedure and identification process. Testimony relating to defendant's allegations of suggestions promoted by police and inability to move to other positions in the lineup was specifically refuted by testimony of counsel, the police officials conducting the lineup, and the victims viewing the lineup. Counsel present at the lineup indicated that the procedure was fair and complied with the mandate of United States v Wade, 388 U.S. 218; 87 S Ct 1926; 18 L.Ed.2d 1149 (1967). We find no merit in defendant's allegation, and hold that the trial court's findings were proper.
Defendant's third allegation of error involves the exercise of the trial court's discretion in allowing into evidence the testimony of a similar-act witness, David Hall.
The people offered the evidence of a prior similar act for the purpose of identifying defendant as the perpetrator of the charged offense via the "signature" of a common scheme or plan. In the prior act, defendant accosted David Hall as he was getting into his car after work (at 5:45 p.m.) in a parking lot close to the Blue Cross-Blue Shield parking structure. Defendant climbed into the back seat and ordered Hall to drive (for approximately 15 minutes) to a distant area where he was ordered to take off his jacket and was robbed.
On March 23, 1978, Kittrell left work at Blue Cross at about 7:30 p.m., drove his van out of the Blue Cross-Blue Shield parking structure when defendant moved from the back of the van, placed a purported weapon to his head, and ordered him to drive to the same distant area where Kittrell was ordered to disrobe. He was then robbed.
The Michigan Supreme Court has recently clarified the circumstances under which similar-act evidence is admissible. People v Major, 407 Mich. 394; 285 N.W.2d 660 (1979). First, it must be probative of one or more of the statutorily specified purposes, and one or more of those purposes must be material, that is, a proposition "in issue" in the case. 407 Mich. 394, 400. Then, there should be direct proof of three propositions from which a fourth is inferable: 1) that the manner in which the criminal act in question or some significant aspect of it was performed bore certain distinguishing, peculiar or special characteristics; 2) that certain specific similar acts, performed contemporaneously with or prior to or subsequently to the act in question, bore the same distinguishing, peculiar or special characteristics; 3) that the similar acts were performed by the defendant; and 4) that, accordingly, the crime in question was committed by the defendant. 407 Mich. 394, 398.
We believe the similar-act evidence in the present case meets the admissibility requirements of Major, supra. First, it is probative of one of the statutorily specified purposes, i.e., scheme, plan or system. Scheme, plan or system is material in this case because defendant has placed his identity as the perpetrator of the alleged robbery in issue. Identity clearly may be proved by the use of similar-act evidence. People v Oliphant, 399 Mich. 472, 489; 250 N.W.2d 443 (1976). Second, the present evidence meets the three-proposition test because there are distinctive characteristics common to the acts which constitute a "signature" identifying defendant as the perpetrator.
We hold that the trial court did not err in admitting this evidence. We reject defendant's claim that the trial court must specifically balance the probative value of the evidence against its prejudicial effect on the record. It is well known to trial courts that any evidence may be excluded when its prejudicial effect outweighs its probative value. MRE 403. However, the Michigan Supreme Court has never expressly required such an exercise of discretion on the record when evidence of a prior similar act is sought to be admitted. We conclude that the trial court's exercise of discretion was sufficient. Further, from our review of the record, we believe the probative value of the evidence is not substantially outweighed by any tendency to unduly prejudice defendant.
Defendant's fourth allegation of error involves the admission into evidence of prior consistent statements of Thomas Kittrell, David Hall, and police officers. Defendant alleges that such statements were hearsay and error resulted from their admission.
Defendant has not preserved this issue for appeal because of the failure to object in the trial court below, People v Dorrikas, 354 Mich. 303; 92 N.W.2d 305 (1958), and People v Ferrazza, 18 Mich. App. 680; 171 N.W.2d 658 (1969). Moreover, in People v Sanford, 402 Mich. 460; 265 N.W.2d 1 (1978), the Supreme Court held in interpreting MRE 801(d)(1) that evidence of a witness's prior statement of identification is not hearsay. We find no error in the admission of such prior consistent statements of Thomas Kittrell and David Hall.
It is generally held that the prior consistent statements of police officers are admissible only in limited circumstances. Such statements may be used to show the circumstances surrounding the identification procedure in an investigative process and are admissible in the sound discretion of the trial court, People v Sanford, supra. Furthermore, prior consistent statements of police officers relating to identification and description are not admissible, because they tend to bolster previous testimony of eyewitnesses. As such, there is a recognition of an inherent danger in their admission, People v Sanford, supra.
Therefore, normally the admission of such prior consistent statements would be prejudicial. However, in the case at bar we believe there was no error because no objection was made to the admission of such evidence and the defense relied on the admission of such evidence in presenting its theory of the case to the jury and in conducting its trial strategy.
Defendant's fifth allegation of error involves the absence of counsel when defendant was arraigned. Defendant alleges that such a proceeding is a critical stage in the criminal prosecution. Defendant also alleges that he was deprived of the opportunity of consulting with counsel at the lineup identification and that such deprivation constituted a denial of effective assistance of counsel.
In People v Killebrew, 16 Mich. App. 624; 168 N.W.2d 423 (1969), we held that the arraignment on the warrant was not a critical stage in the criminal prosecution and therefore the presence of counsel is not required pursuant to Gilbert v California, 388 U.S. 263; 87 S.Ct. 1951; 18 L.Ed.2d 1178 (1967). In People v Szymanski, 52 Mich. App. 605; 218 N.W.2d 95 (1974), we held that the fact that defendant was represented by appointed counsel does not vitiate the lineup. The procedure whereby counsel is appointed to observe lineups for suggestiveness, but without representing particular clients, has been approved in United States v Randolph, 145 US App DC 314; 443 F.2d 729 (1970).
Testimony of counsel in the instant case indicates that the lineup identification procedure was fair and therefore we find no merit to defendant's allegation.
Defendant's sixth allegation of error involves the prosecution's statements at the jury voir dire. Defendant alleges that the prosecution appealed to the jury to go outside the evidence to convict him. The record does not indicate that the inquiry complained of denied defendant a fair trial.
Defendant's final allegation of error involves the discretion of the trial judge in sentencing defendant. Defendant alleges that the trial judge relied upon inaccurate information contained in the presentence probation report. An examination of the record indicates that the trial court recognized the error contained in the presentence report and did not improperly rely thereon in sentencing defendant. See People v Hildabridle, 45 Mich. App. 93; 206 N.W.2d 216 (1973).
Affirmed.