Opinion
12-17-2015
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Todd HOLLEY, Appellant.
Seymour W. James, Jr., The Legal Aid Society, New York City (Andrew C. Fine and Lawrence T. Hausman of counsel), and Boies, Schiller & Flexner LLP, New York City (Stephen Kyriacou, Jr., of counsel), for appellant. Cyrus R. Vance, Jr., District Attorney, New York City (Joshua L. Haber and Alan Gadlin of counsel), for respondent.
Seymour W. James, Jr., The Legal Aid Society, New York City (Andrew C. Fine and Lawrence T. Hausman of counsel), and Boies, Schiller & Flexner LLP, New York City (Stephen Kyriacou, Jr., of counsel), for appellant.
Cyrus R. Vance, Jr., District Attorney, New York City (Joshua L. Haber and Alan Gadlin of counsel), for respondent.
OPINION OF THE COURT
FAHEY, J. When using a photo array as an identification procedure, the People should preserve a record of what was viewed. Failure to do so gives rise to a rebuttable presumption that the array was unduly suggestive. The obligation to preserve is not diminished by the type of system used. Computer screen or mug shots book, the People's obligation is the same. Here, the People failed to preserve a computer-generated array of photographs shown to an identifying witness, giving rise to a rebuttable presumption that the array was unduly suggestive. Nevertheless, in the present case, the People overcame that presumption through testimony at the suppression hearing.
I.
On May 30, 2010, two young women, Ju Eun Lee and Yoori Han, were on a subway platform in Manhattan when a man attempted to lift the strap of Lee's purse from her shoulder. Lee clung to the bag, while Han seized the strap, engaging in a brief tug-of-war with the would-be robber. Both women saw the man's face at close range on a well-lit platform. The man let
go of the purse and left the scene. A bystander, Sylvie Lee, was one of several people who came to the assistance of the two women and escorted them as they went to report the incident to a Metropolitan Transportation Authority employee. Meanwhile, the same man reentered the subway station, and, after making eye contact with Han, charged at the women. He repeatedly punched and kicked Han and punched Sylvie Lee, before fleeing.
Detective Greg Mazuroski of the New York City Police Department's Manhattan Transit Robbery Squad was assigned to the case. The detective interviewed the women. Han and Ju Eun Lee described the perpetrator as a "skinny" black man, around 30 to 40 years old, about six feet to six feet, two inches tall, and weighing between 160 and 180 pounds. Sylvie Lee described the man similarly.
It is not clear from the record at the suppression hearing whether Sylvie Lee described him as thin.
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On June 2, 2010, Detective Mazuroski invited Sylvie Lee to view a series of photograph arrays generated by the Police Department's photo manager system, a computer database that contains the photographs of individuals who have previously been arrested. The system generates arrays of six photographs at a time, based on criteria entered into the computer by the detective or officer, including the physical appearance of the suspect. The photographs are displayed on a computer screen.
In accordance with the witnesses' descriptions, Detective Mazuroski ran a search for black men, 30 to 40 years old, six feet to six feet, four inches, who had been arrested in Manhattan from 2007 to 2010. The search generated a large number of photographs, but Lee identified defendant Todd Holley as the attacker on the second "page" or photo array. She was then shown more pages—at least 12 and perhaps as many as 20 more—over the course of an hour or so. Lee also identified defendant as the perpetrator in two additional, different photographs, included on pages 13 and 14. She did not identify anyone else.
The police located defendant and arrested him on June 8. He was an African–American man, 32 years old, about six feet, one inch to six feet, two inches tall, and approximately 160 pounds in weight. That day, Han and Sylvie Lee separately viewed a lineup, comprising defendant and five other black men. The fillers, according to their self-descriptions, ranged from 22 to 57 years of age, from five feet, nine inches to six feet, two inches, and from 180 to 250 pounds. They wore identical baseball caps, turned backwards. The men were seated. Following a request by Han, the men stood up momentarily to show their profiles. Both women identified defendant as the assailant.
II.
Defendant was charged with one count of attempted robbery in the third degree and two counts of assault in the third degree. At a suppression hearing, Detective Mazuroski described the procedures he had followed with the photo manager system as well as the lineup. Detective Mazuroski testified that at the time he showed Sylvie Lee the photo arrays, he did not have a suspect in mind. Cross-examination disclosed that the detective had not included a weight range when he entered criteria in the photo manager system, even though it would have been possible to enter a weight. Significantly, the police had not preserved the photo arrays that were
shown to Sylvie Lee for the hearing court to review. Photographs of the lineup were entered into evidence.
Defendant moved to suppress all identification testimony. He contended that the People's failure to preserve the photo arrays entitled him to a presumption of suggestiveness, and that, in any case, the procedure using the photo manager system was unduly suggestive, insofar as the detective did not enter the perpetrator's estimated weight. He also challenged the lineup as unduly suggestive. Supreme Court, crediting the detective's testimony and finding neither pretrial identification procedure unduly suggestive, denied the motion.
Prior to defendant's trial, the parties discussed with the court whether testimony should be elicited from Detective Mazuroski concerning how the police came to arrest defendant. Supreme Court ruled that the People could elicit from the detective only that an investigation based on information beyond the witnesses' descriptions had led him to suspect defendant. The defense objected, primarily on the ground that such testimony would constitute improper bolstering of the eyewitness identifications.
At trial, Ju Eun Lee, Han, and Sylvie Lee identified defendant in court as the assailant, and the lineup identifications were described in detail. There was no testimony regarding the display of the photo arrays, but the detective testified that, after getting descriptions of the perpetrator from the witnesses, he had carried out "further investigation with information beyond the descriptions," which "generated one suspect," namely Holley. Defendant did not testify.
In summation, the prosecutor alluded to Detective Mazuroski's "further investigation," and told the jury that the detective "didn't go out and just grab the man off the street that he thought looked like what [the witnesses'] description was. He went after his investigation and went and found Mr. Holley." No objection was made to these remarks.
The jury found defendant guilty on all counts. Defendant appealed from the judgment of conviction and sentence, challenging Supreme Court's ruling on the suppression motion, as well as the admission of the testimony regarding the detective's investigation and the prosecutor's remarks concerning the investigation in summation.
The Appellate Division affirmed, holding that the use of the photo manager system procedure was not unduly suggestive.
"The detective's testimony about how the computerized procedure operates sufficiently established its fairness. The fact that the police failed to preserve the arrays viewed by the witness does not warrant a different conclusion. We also conclude that the detective entered sufficient information about the description of the perpetrator to ensure that the computer generated a fair selection of photos." (116 A.D.3d 442, 442, 982 N.Y.S.2d 761 [1st Dept.2014] [citations omitted].)
The Appellate Division also upheld the lineup, noting that "[a]ny differences between defendant and the other participants, including an age disparity not fully reflected in the participants' actual appearances, and a weight disparity that was minimized by having the participants seated, was not so noticeable as to single defendant out" (id. at 442–443, 982 N.Y.S.2d 761 [citations omitted] ). The Court rejected defendant's remaining arguments.
A Judge of this Court granted defendant leave to appeal (23 N.Y.3d 1037, 993 N.Y.S.2d 251, 17 N.E.3d 506 [2014] ). We now affirm.
III.
The New York City Police Department's photo manager system, described above, is today's computer-generated equivalent of a long-established police procedure: showing a compilation of photographs of previous arrestees, in the form of a "mug book" (People v. Burts, 78 N.Y.2d 20, 22, 571 N.Y.S.2d 418, 574 N.E.2d 1024 [1991] ) or a "drawer[ ] of photographs" (People v. Hernandez, 70 N.Y.2d 833, 834, 523 N.Y.S.2d 442, 517 N.E.2d 1328 [1987] ), to people who witnessed a crime, in order to establish a suspect. The primary question on this appeal is what the consequence should be when the police use such a computer-generated photo array, and fail to preserve a record of the particular photographs shown to the witness.
Review of whether a pretrial identification procedure is unduly suggestive is subject to a well-established burden-shifting mechanism. Initially, the People have the burden of producing evidence in support of the fairness of the identification procedure. If this burden is not sustained, a peremptory ruling against the People is justified. If the People meet their burden of production, the burden shifts to the defendant to persuade the hearing court that the procedure was improper. In other words, "[w]hile the People have the initial burden of going forward to establish ... the lack of any undue suggestiveness in a pretrial identification procedure, it is the defendant who bears the ultimate burden of proving that the procedure was unduly suggestive" (People v. Chipp, 75 N.Y.2d 327, 335, 553 N.Y.S.2d 72, 552 N.E.2d 608 [1990], cert. denied 498 U.S. 833, 111 S.Ct. 99, 112 L.Ed.2d 70 [1990] ; see also People v. Jones, 2 N.Y.3d 235, 244, 778 N.Y.S.2d 133, 810 N.E.2d 415 [2004] ; People v. Ortiz, 90 N.Y.2d 533, 537, 664 N.Y.S.2d 243, 686 N.E.2d 1337 [1997] ).
Under Appellate Division case law, "the failure of the police to preserve a photographic array [shown to an identifying witness] gives rise to a rebuttable presumption that the array was suggestive" (People v. Quinones, 228 A.D.2d 796, 796–797, 644 N.Y.S.2d 365 [3d Dept.1996] ; see also e.g. People v. Reaves, 112 A.D.3d 746, 747, 976 N.Y.S.2d 228 [2d Dept.2013], lv. denied 22 N.Y.3d 1202, 986 N.Y.S.2d 422, 9 N.E.3d 917 [2014] ; People v. Green, 188 A.D.2d 385, 386, 591 N.Y.S.2d 175 [1st Dept.1992], lv. denied 81 N.Y.2d 840, 595 N.Y.S.2d 739, 611 N.E.2d 778 [1993] ; People v. Simmons, 158 A.D.2d 950, 950, 551 N.Y.S.2d 110 [4th Dept. 1990], lv. denied 76 N.Y.2d 743, 558 N.Y.S.2d 905, 557 N.E.2d 1201 [1990] ). The rebuttable presumption fits within the burden-shifting mechanism in the following manner. Failure to preserve a photo array creates a rebuttable presumption that the People have failed "to meet their burden of going forward to establish the lack of suggestiveness" (People v. Patterson, 306 A.D.2d 14, 14–15, 759 N.Y.S.2d 657 [1st Dept.2003], lv. denied 1 N.Y.3d 541, 775 N.Y.S.2d 246, 807 N.E.2d 296 [2003] ; see Chipp, 75 N.Y.2d at 335, 553 N.Y.S.2d 72, 552 N.E.2d 608 ). To the extent the People are silent about the nature of the photo array, they have not met their burden of production. On the other hand, the People may rebut the presumption by means of testimony "detailing the procedures used to safeguard against suggestiveness" (People v. Campos, 197 A.D.2d 366, 367, 602 N.Y.S.2d 134 [1st Dept.1993], lv. denied 82 N.Y.2d 892, 610 N.Y.S.2d 159, 632 N.E.2d 469 [1993] ), in which case they have met their burden, and the burden shifts to the defendant. Although we have not expressly adopted this presumption of suggestiveness before, we endorse it now.
Recently, the presumption of suggestiveness has been applied to photo arrays displayed to witnesses via the New York City
Police Department's photo manager system. In People v. Dobbins, 112 A.D.3d 735, 976 N.Y.S.2d 213 (2d Dept.2013), the Appellate Division applied the presumption to the prosecution's failure to preserve a printout or other record of an array generated by the photo manager system. The Appellate Division held that the evidence presented by the People did not overcome the presumption that the array was suggestive where,
"[a]t the suppression hearing, a detective testified that he did not memorialize and could not recall the specific information that he entered into the photo manager system which generated the photographic array, did not memorialize and could not recall how many photographs the complainant viewed, and did not memorialize and could not recall for how long the complainant was viewing photographs" (id. at 736, 976 N.Y.S.2d 213 ).
Similarly, in People v. Robinson, 123 A.D.3d 1062, 999 N.Y.S.2d 499 (2d Dept.2014), the Appellate Division applied the presumption of suggestiveness, in light of the People's failure to preserve photographs, shown to two robbery victims on "the police department's photo manager system, which generated screens of six photographs at a time based on criteria entered into the computer by the detective" (id. at 1062, 999 N.Y.S.2d 499 ). The Robinson court held that the People failed to rebut the presumption in that "[t]he detective gave inconsistent testimony regarding what age criteria he entered in the computer system to generate each photo array," and "did not recall how many screens either complainant viewed before each of them recognized the defendant, or how long it took each to make an identification" (id. at 1063, 999 N.Y.S.2d 499 ).
Citing such cases, defendant argues that the denial of his suppression motion was reversible error and seeks a new trial, to be preceded by an independent source hearing. He contends that it is proper to extend the presumption of suggestiveness to the People's failure to preserve a record of photo arrays displayed to a witness by means of the photo manager system or a similar system, and that the People failed to rebut the presumption in his case. We agree with defendant on the first point but not the second.
IV.
The law requiring that the prosecution preserve a photo array shown to an identifying witness was first applied to physical books and drawers of photographs, but there is nothing about the requirement that would limit it to that context. A detective who shows an identifying witness a book of photographs must preserve the photographs that were shown, together with their arrangement in the book, and must keep some record of the order in which the pages were displayed. Similarly, a detective who shows a witness photographs on the photo manager system or via a similar computer-assisted process must carry out whatever steps are necessary to ensure that he or she can recreate in some way during a suppression hearing the display of the photographs in the precise arrangement and order in which they were shown to the witness.
The People argue that the requirement of preservation, when applied to computer-generated photo arrays, amounts to the creation of an obligation on the part of the police to produce evidence in the first place. While it is true that "[t]here is a difference between preserving evidence already within the possession of the prosecution and the entirely distinct obligation of affirmatively obtaining evidence for the benefit of a criminal defendant" ( People v. Hayes, 17 N.Y.3d 46, 51, 926 N.Y.S.2d 382, 950 N.E.2d 118 [2011], cert. denied 565 U.S. ––––, 132 S.Ct. 844, 181 L.Ed.2d 553 [2011] ), the preservation of a photo array, whether physical or computer-generated, falls squarely within the first category. A detective who shows a book or drawer of mug shots to an identifying witness must not only preserve the photographs but also create some record that will enable him or her to testify about the arrangement and order in which the photographs were shown to the witness. Similarly, a detective who shows a witness photographs on a computer screen must keep some record of the arrays and the order in which they were displayed. This is not creating evidence for the benefit of the defendant, but preserving evidence as required by the law protecting the defendant's right to a fair trial.
The People suggest that "if a witness viewed hundreds of photos before making an identification, all of the photos would surely have to be saved and printed. No matter what system would be involved, imposing such a requirement would surely be burdensome." Defendant, by contrast, contends that computer-generated photo arrays are easily stored and printed. We do not decide, on this appeal, whether preserving photo arrays shown to a witness on a computer screen by means of the photo manager system or the like would require printing the arrays. That would depend on whether technology exists to allow, in some other way, the accurate recreation, at a hearing, of the display of photographs on a computer screen. We are not persuaded that the advent of the photo manager system makes it more difficult, rather than less, to manage and reproduce photo arrays. Consequently, we extend the presumption of suggestiveness to computer-generated photo arrays.
V.
In the present case, however, the People have rebutted the presumption of suggestiveness. At the outset, we note that whether a photo array is unduly suggestive is a mixed question of law and fact and our review is limited to whether there is support in the record for the finding (see People v. Sanchez, 21 N.Y.3d 216, 225, 969 N.Y.S.2d 840, 991 N.E.2d 698 [2013] ).
Appellate Division cases have found that the People overcame the presumption when the detective's testimony detailed "the sheer volume of the photographs viewed, as well as the fact that the police had not yet focused upon defendant as a particular suspect" (Campos, 197 A.D.2d at 367, 602 N.Y.S.2d 134 [internal quotation marks omitted]; see also People v. Mason, 138 A.D.2d 411, 412, 525 N.Y.S.2d 694 [2d Dept.1988], lv. denied 72 N.Y.2d 863, 532 N.Y.S.2d 513, 528 N.E.2d 903 [1988] ; People v. Jerome, 111 A.D.2d 874, 490 N.Y.S.2d 790 [2d Dept.1985], lv. denied 66 N.Y.2d 764, 497 N.Y.S.2d 1038, 488 N.E.2d 124 [1985] ). In People v. Jerome, for example, the witness "was shown approximately 1,000 photographs over a period of two days, resulting in his identification of defendant," and this occurred "at a point in the investigation where the police had not yet focused upon any particular suspect" (Jerome, 111 A.D.2d at 874, 490 N.Y.S.2d 790 ). Here, Detective Mazuroski testified that he did not consider defendant a suspect before showing Sylvie Lee the photographs from the photo manager system. Moreover, Lee viewed about 100 photographs, and identified defendant, and only defendant, consistently. We conclude that there is support in the record for the finding that the People met their initial burden of producing evidence of the lack of any undue suggestiveness.
We also conclude that there is record support for the finding that defendant did not meet his ultimate burden of proving
that the procedure was unduly suggestive. In particular, there is support for the Appellate Division's finding that Detective Mazuroski entered enough information about the perpetrator's physical features to ensure that the photo manager system would generate "a fair selection of photos" (116 A.D.3d at 442, 982 N.Y.S.2d 761 ), rather than an array in which defendant's image would stand out as markedly different.
VI.
With respect to the lineup, defendant argues that he was the only person in the lineup who met the age and weight description given by the witnesses. Whether or not a lineup is unduly suggestive is a mixed question of law and fact (see People v. McBride, 14 N.Y.3d 440, 448, 902 N.Y.S.2d 830, 928 N.E.2d 1027 [2010], cert. denied 562 U.S. 931, 131 S.Ct. 327, 178 L.Ed.2d 212 [2010] ; People v. Jackson, 98 N.Y.2d 555, 559, 750 N.Y.S.2d 561, 780 N.E.2d 162 [2002] ). Here, there is support in the record for the Appellate Division's determination that the disparity in age was not so apparent as to draw attention to defendant. "[A] numerical age difference" existing "between a defendant and the fillers in a lineup, without more, is not sufficient to create a substantial likelihood that the defendant would be singled out for identification" (Jackson, 98 N.Y.2d at 558–559, 750 N.Y.S.2d 561, 780 N.E.2d 162 [internal quotation marks omitted]; see generally Chipp, 75 N.Y.2d at 336, 553 N.Y.S.2d 72, 552 N.E.2d 608 ). There is also record support for the Appellate Division's determination that the disparity in weight was minimized (see generally McBride, 14 N.Y.3d at 448, 902 N.Y.S.2d 830, 928 N.E.2d 1027 ; People v. Cook, 254 A.D.2d 92, 92, 681 N.Y.S.2d 486 [1st Dept.1998], lv. denied 93 N.Y.2d 851, 688 N.Y.S.2d 499, 710 N.E.2d 1098 [1999] ).
Defendant's remaining contentions lack merit or are unpreserved. In particular, the detective's testimony regarding the conduct of his investigation after he obtained descriptions from the witnesses "did not state or imply that anyone made an identification" (People v. Tucker, 25 A.D.3d 419, 420, 807 N.Y.S.2d 85 [1st Dept.2006], lv. denied 6 N.Y.3d 839, 814 N.Y.S.2d 87, 847 N.E.2d 384 [2006] ; cf. People v. Holt, 67 N.Y.2d 819, 821, 501 N.Y.S.2d 641, 492 N.E.2d 769 [1986] ). The testimony therefore did not violate the evidentiary rule that "in the context of eyewitness identification, the testimony of a third party (typically, a police officer) to the effect that the witness identified a defendant as the perpetrator on some prior occasion is generally inadmissible" (People v. Buie, 86 N.Y.2d 501, 510, 634 N.Y.S.2d 415, 658 N.E.2d 192 [1995], citing People v. Trowbridge, 305 N.Y. 471, 113 N.E.2d 841 [1953] ). Defendant's similar challenge to the prosecutor's summation is unpreserved (see generally People v. Romero, 7 N.Y.3d 911, 912, 828 N.Y.S.2d 274, 861 N.E.2d 89 [2006] ).
Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed.
ABDUS–SALAAM, J. (concurring).
I agree with the majority that the People carried their burden of production at the Wade hearing in this case and that defendant failed to meet his burden to demonstrate that the police-arranged photo identification procedure was unduly suggestive (see majority op. at 525, 25 N.Y.S.3d at 46–47, 45 N.E.3d at 942–43; see also People v. Chipp, 75 N.Y.2d 327, 335, 553 N.Y.S.2d 72, 552 N.E.2d 608 [1990] ). Furthermore, I concur in the majority's rejection of defendant's challenges to the nisi prius court's admission into evidence of the lineup identification, the in-court identification testimony and Detective Mazuroski's brief testimony about his investigation in this case (see majority op. at 525–526, 25 N.Y.S.3d at 47, 45 N.E.3d at 943). Nonetheless, I write separately to explain my disagreement with the majority's adoption of a "presumption of suggestiveness" that allegedly arises whenever the People fail to present at a Wade hearing a physical copy of a photo array that has previously been shown to an identifying witness (see majority op. at 517–518, 521–524, 25 N.Y.S.3d at 41–42, 43–46, 45 N.E.3d at 937–38, 939–42). In my view, the presumption lacks a solid legal foundation and risks creating unnecessary confusion about the proper application of existing legal standards governing a suppression hearing.
As the majority recognizes, we have never previously held that, where the People fail to produce a copy of a photo array at a Wade hearing, they must overcome a rebuttable presumption that the disputed photo array identification procedure was unduly suggestive (see majority op. at 522, 25 N.Y.S.3d at 44–45, 45 N.E.3d at 940–41). Rather, under our existing precedent, the People must meet only their "initial burden of going forward to establish the reasonableness of the police conduct and the lack of any undue suggestiveness" (Chipp, 75 N.Y.2d at 335, 553 N.Y.S.2d 72, 552 N.E.2d 608 ), which is a "minimal" burden of "production" (People v. Ortiz, 90 N.Y.2d 533, 538, 664 N.Y.S.2d 243, 686 N.E.2d 1337 [1997] ), and once that requirement is satisfied, the burden shifts to the defendant to "prov[e] that the procedure was unduly suggestive" (Chipp, 75 N.Y.2d at 335, 553 N.Y.S.2d 72, 552 N.E.2d 608 ). Because this framework sets forth a commonsense decisional process without any presumptions, it promotes clarity and fairness by employing two distinct and balanced burdens with a single shifting point between them.
By contrast, the presumption of suggestiveness, which the majority derives from certain Appellate Division decisions, undermines the clarity of our existing suppression framework. As envisioned by the majority, the presumption does not alter the burden of production per se, but instead adds a turning point within the People's efforts to meet that burden by requiring them to overcome the presumption with testimony about the composition of the photo array and the circumstances surrounding the identification procedure (see majority op. at 522, 25 N.Y.S.3d at 44–45, 45 N.E.3d at 940–41). Thus, the presumption seems to require a court to take an additional analytical step, evaluating first whether the People's proof overcomes the presumption, then whether the evidence satisfies the burden of production and finally whether the defendant has demonstrated the unlawfulness of the contested photo array identification procedure.
In the vast majority of cases, a balanced application of this three-step process presumably would yield the same result as the more straightforward two-step process which exists now. Indeed, under the existing suppression framework, the People can meet their burden of production using sufficiently detailed testimony about the photo array identification procedure without producing a physical copy of the array at the hearing (see People v. Hernandez, 70 N.Y.2d 833, 835, 523 N.Y.S.2d 442, 517 N.E.2d 1328 [1987] ), and the majority's decision indicates that they can similarly overcome the presumption of suggestiveness and simultaneously meet their burden of production by presenting that same type of testimony (see majority op. at 524–525, 25 N.Y.S.3d at 46–47, 45 N.E.3d at 942–43). But by adding an extra layer to the analysis, the presumption may cause some courts in practice to lose sight of the basic point that the People's burden remains a
minimal one geared toward production rather than ultimate persuasion and conclusive proof.
Even if the presumption did not engender confusion or result in any significant practical alteration of our traditional suppression analysis, I would not endorse it because of its dubious legal roots. Significantly, the Appellate Division case law adopting the presumption relies on earlier decisions that do not mention a presumption of suggestiveness at all, instead merely encouraging the production of photo arrays at Wade hearings and explaining that the lack of such production, coupled with the absence of additional evidence, prevents the People from meeting their burden (see People v. Barber, 96 A.D.2d 1112, 1112–1113, 467 N.Y.S.2d 705 [3d Dept.1983] ; People v. Nelson, 79 A.D.2d 171, 173–174, 436 N.Y.S.2d 505 [4th Dept.1981] ; People v. Foti, 83 A.D.2d 641, 641–642, 441 N.Y.S.2d 521 [2d Dept.1981] ; People v. Putman, 55 A.D.2d 608, 608–609, 389 N.Y.S.2d 116 [2d Dept.1976] ). Unfortunately, in later cases, the Appellate Division cited those decisions for a novel proposition that they did not support, namely that a rebuttable "inference of suggestiveness" arises from the People's failure to produce the photo array at the suppression hearing (see People v. Johnson, 106 A.D.2d 469, 469, 482 N.Y.S.2d 563 [2d Dept.1984] ). Indeed, the initial Appellate Division case law adopting the presumption of suggestiveness did so with little, if any, explanation of the rationale for such a presumption (see id.; see also People v. Simmons, 158 A.D.2d 950, 950, 551 N.Y.S.2d 110 [4th Dept.1990] ).
Furthermore, until recently, the Appellate Division had concluded that the presumption of suggestiveness simply does not apply to a voluminous canvassing array of the kind at issue here, and that hence the People need not rebut any such presumption in canvassing array cases (see People v. Stokes, 139 A.D.2d 785, 785, 527 N.Y.S.2d 529 [2d Dept.1988] ; cf. People v. Ludwigsen, 128 A.D.2d 810, 810, 513 N.Y.S.2d 513 [2d Dept.1987] ). Thus, the Appellate Division's relatively recent acceptance of the presumption in the canvassing array context, based on a line of prior cases that does not support such an approach (see e.g. People v. Robinson, 123 A.D.3d 1062, 1062–1063, 999 N.Y.S.2d 499 [2d Dept.2014] ; People v. Dobbins, 112 A.D.3d 735, 736, 976 N.Y.S.2d 213 [2d Dept.2013] ), was without a sound legal foundation and should not be approved by this Court. Accordingly, I cannot join the part of the majority's opinion adopting the presumption in this case.
Chief Judge LIPPMAN and Judges RIVERA and STEIN concur; Judge ABDUS–SALAAM concurs in result in a separate opinion in which Judge PIGOTT concurs.
Order affirmed.