Opinion
2013-03-14
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Larivia HIGHTOWER, Defendant–Appellant.
Robert S. Dean, Center for Appellate Litigation, New York (Katharine Skolnick of counsel), for appellant. Robert T. Johnson, District Attorney, Bronx (T. Charles Won of counsel), for respondent.
Robert S. Dean, Center for Appellate Litigation, New York (Katharine Skolnick of counsel), for appellant. Robert T. Johnson, District Attorney, Bronx (T. Charles Won of counsel), for respondent.
ANDRIAS, J.P., SWEENY, FREEDMAN, FEINMAN, GISCHE, JJ.
Judgment, Supreme Court, Bronx County (David Stadtmauer, J.), rendered August 10, 2010, convicting defendant, after a jury trial, of robbery in the second degree, and sentencing her, as a second violent felony offender, to a term of 10 years, unanimously affirmed.
The verdict was based on legally sufficient evidence and was not against the weight of the evidence ( see People v. Danielson, 9 N.Y.3d 342, 348–349, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1 [2007] ). Although the victim did not identify defendant, and although both of his assailants appeared to him to be male, he noticed that one of the assailants had a tattoo of the capital letters LALA on the right side of the neck. The jury viewed the right side of defendant's neck, which had a tattoo of the same capital letters, along with some small decorations that the victim had not noticed. In addition, when defendant was arrested she was wearing the victim's distinctive crucifix, which had been taken in the robbery three days earlier, a fact that would support an inference of guilt under the principle of recent, exclusive and unexplained possession of the fruits of a crime ( see People v. Galbo, 218 N.Y. 283, 290, 112 N.E. 1041 [1916] ). The combinationof the distinctive tattoo and the stolen property clearly established beyond a reasonable doubt defendant's identity as one of the robbers.
Defendant did not preserve her claim that she was entitled to CPL 710.30(1)(b) notice and a Wade hearing regarding a confrontation at which the victim viewed defendant in custody, and we decline to review it in the interest of justice. As an alternative holding, we reject it on the merits. The victim did not make an identification of defendant, either at the pretrial confrontation or in court. The victim's testimony about the tattoo was not identification testimony, but evidence that defendant and one of the robbers shared a distinctive physical characteristic ( see People v. Smalls, 201 A.D.2d 333, 334, 607 N.Y.S.2d 318 [1st Dept. 1994],lv. denied84 N.Y.2d 832, 617 N.Y.S.2d 152, 641 N.E.2d 173 [1994];see also People v. Myrick, 66 N.Y.2d 903, 498 N.Y.S.2d 773, 489 N.E.2d 742 [1985];People v. Sanders, 108 A.D.2d 316, 318–319, 489 N.Y.S.2d 348 [2d Dept. 1985], affd. 66 N.Y.2d 906, 498 N.Y.S.2d 774, 489 N.E.2d 743 [1985] ).
Defendant's ineffective assistance of counsel claims are unreviewable on direct appeal because they involve matters outside the record concerning counsel's strategic decisions ( see People v. Rivera, 71 N.Y.2d 705, 709, 530 N.Y.S.2d 52, 525 N.E.2d 698 [1988];People v. Love, 57 N.Y.2d 998, 457 N.Y.S.2d 238, 443 N.E.2d 486 [1982] ). Although defendant cites to the record of her CPL 330.30(1) motion to set aside the verdict, such a motion is not a procedurally appropriate device for expanding the trial record ( see People v. Ai Jiang, 62 A.D.3d 515, 516, 880 N.Y.S.2d 12 [2009],lv. denied14 N.Y.3d 769, 898 N.Y.S.2d 101, 925 N.E.2d 106 [2010] ). In any event, nothing in the record of the postverdict motion establishes ineffective assistance. On the trial record, to the extent it permits review, we find that defendant received effective assistance under the state and federal standards ( see People v. Benevento, 91 N.Y.2d 708, 713–714, 674 N.Y.S.2d 629, 697 N.E.2d 584 [1998];see also Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 [1984] ). Defendant has not shown that her counsel's alleged deficiencies fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, or that they deprived defendant of a fair trial, affected the outcome of the case, or caused defendant any prejudice.