Summary
In Heil, the Court constructed a policy-driven limitation on the breadth of restitution orders imposed as conditions of probation.
Summary of this case from People v. CorbinOpinion
Docket No. 77-2501.
Decided November 22, 1977.
Appeal from Oakland, Arthur E. Moore, J. Submitted October 13, 1977, at Lansing. (Docket No. 77-2501.) Decided November 22, 1977.
George W. Heil, Jr., was convicted of manslaughter. Defendant was placed on probation. Probation revoked. Defendant appeals. Reversed and remanded.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, L. Brooks Patterson, Prosecuting Attorney, Robert C. Williams, Chief Appellate Counsel, and Lawrence J. Bunting, Assistant Appellate Counsel, for the people.
Hiller, Howard, Larky Hoekenga, for defendant on appeal.
On May 26, 1976, defendant was found guilty by a jury of manslaughter contrary to MCLA 750.321; MSA 28.553. This conviction arose out of a collision between an automobile driven by the defendant and a second automobile whose driver suffered severe injuries and subsequently died. On July 15, 1976, defendant was sentenced to five years probation. Several probation conditions were imposed including payment within 90 days of $3,000 to the victim's wife, and, additionally, payment of one half of defendant's after-tax income throughout the probation period. Subsequently, the probation order was amended to require that the payments be made to the fiduciary of the victim's estate or, in the alternative, to the wife of the victim. Defendant apparently fulfilled all of the other probation conditions but failed to make any of the payments set out above. On April 11, 1977, following two hearings and a determination by the lower court that the defendant was financially able to make the payments, defendant was found to be in violation of his probation and sentenced to serve a term of 1-1/2 to 15 years in prison; the sentence to begin on July 11, 1977. The probation order was further amended to require payment of a fixed dollar amount per week rather than the one half of defendant's income required by the original order. This Court granted defendant's motion to stay imposition of sentence pending appeal.
On appeal defendant raises five issues. We note, however, that defendant has not taken an appeal from his manslaughter conviction. Therefore, defendant's first two arguments, attacking the validity of that conviction, are not properly before this Court. In this appeal from the order revoking his probation, the defendant may properly raise those matters relating to the probation violation and the hearing thereon. See People v Pickett, 391 Mich. 305, 316-318; 215 N.W.2d 695 (1974).
We will limit our discussion to those issues properly before us. In People v Higgins, 22 Mich. App. 479, 481; 177 N.W.2d 716 (1970), Judge T.M. BURNS pointed out that "although the trial court need not have granted probation * * * the conditions he imposes on such probation must be lawful". If the conditions imposed on defendant's probation in the instant case were not lawful, then it was improper to revoke his probation for failure to comply with those conditions.
The people argue that the two disputed conditions were lawful because authorized by the probation statute, MCLA 771.3; MSA 28.1133, which reads in part:
"The court may impose such other lawful conditions of probation, including restitution in whole or in part to the person or persons injured or defrauded, as the circumstances of the case may require or warrant, or as in its judgment may be meet and proper."
The people further argue that People v Good, 287 Mich. 110; 282 N.W. 920 (1938), is "controlling precedent for the proposition that restitution payments can be ordered in the instant case". In Good, the Court upheld the right of a trial court to order restitution payments as a condition of probation for a defendant convicted of negligent homicide with an automobile. The Good Court rejected the argument that because the defendant had not been granted a hearing as to the amount of restitution, he had been denied due process of law. The Good Court found that no damages were assessed by a restitution order because such an order is not a judgment upon which execution can issue, but rather a mere condition of probation.
In the instant case defendant relies primarily on People v Becker, 349 Mich. 476; 84 N.W.2d 833 (1957), wherein the rationale of the Good opinion is criticized. In Becker, the Court refused to extend the Good rule to a defendant who had pled guilty to unlawfully leaving the scene of a personal injury accident. In Becker, the defendant denied fault for the accident. The Supreme Court held that in such circumstances the trial court could not condition probation on payment of money restitution to the accident victims. The Becker opinion characterized the holding of Good thusly:
"Thus we have held that the statutory sanction of requiring `restitution' as a condition of probation comprehended ordering the defendant in a criminal case to pay to certain third persons (not parties plaintiff or defendant in the criminal action) a sum of money fixed by the court itself. This, it will be noted, was without trial either as to extent of civil liability, or, indeed, as to the existence of civil liability itself." People v Becker, supra, at 480.
In refusing to extend this holding the Becker opinion pointed out that in Good "injuries to the deceased apparently arose out of the very crime for which the defendant was convicted, namely, felonious homicide. But here the act of which defendant was convicted was not that of striking down but of leaving." People v Becker, supra, at 480. The opinion goes on to severely criticize the rationale of the Good opinion, then states:
"We conclude, from the authorities above cited, that even where imposition of the restitution requirement is held to be proper under the circumstances of the particular case before the court, it can be imposed only as to loss caused by the very offense for which defendant was tried and convicted. As to the other crimes or offenses there has been no fixing of his liability therefor in a constitutional sense." People v Becker, supra, at 486.
While criticizing the rationale of Good, the Becker opinion relies on the more limited ground that even assuming that the statute allowed restitution consisting of compensation for personal injuries done and further assuming that civil and criminal liability are "synonymous", still restitution "can be imposed only as to loss caused by the very offense for which defendant was tried and convicted". The Becker opinion was signed by four justices. Four other justices concurred in the result. The instant case more closely parallels Good than Becker. Several decisions of this Court rendered subsequent to both Good and Becker shed some light on their proper application.
People v Nawrocki, 8 Mich. App. 225, 227; 154 N.W.2d 45 (1967), involved a defendant convicted of uttering and publishing one forged check, but who was required as a condition of his probation to make restitution to third parties on other checks as well. The opinion reads in part:
"The second claim of defendant is that his order of probation was erroneous because it required forthwith payment of the total of several other forged checks uttered and published by him and costs of $100. Defendant met this term of the probation order. Assuming a valid conviction, we read CL 1948, § 771.3 (Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.1133) as authorizing such terms in a probation order following conviction of a crime of the type involved here. (See People v. Becker, 349 Mich. 476.)"
In People v Gallagher, 55 Mich. App. 613, 617-621; 223 N.W.2d 92 (1974), lv den, 393 Mich. 766 (1974), this Court upheld a probation condition ordering restitution in an amount exceeding the value of the property directly involved in defendant's criminal conviction. The Gallagher opinion reads in part:
"Defendant was convicted of receiving the cowl worth at most $1,500 from a stolen car worth at least $6,277.84. He was required to make restitution of $6,277.84. He claims the judge could not do that and cites People v Becker, 349 Mich. 476, 486; 84 N.W.2d 833 (1957), to wit:
"`[E]ven where imposition of the restitution requirement is held to be proper under the circumstances of the particular case before the court, it can be imposed only as to loss caused by the very offense for which defendant was tried and convicted.'
"In Becker, four of the eight justices concurred only in the result and the language relied on by defendant was unnecessary. Mr. Becker, an uninsured teen, denied fault, and only admitted illegally leaving the accident scene. If what he said was true, he would not owe the money he was required to pay. That case is very different from ours.
* * *
"Statutes similar to ours in other states have been held to permit restitution of the whole loss caused by a course of criminal conduct upon conviction of a crime arising out of that conduct.
* * *
" * * * restitution and the procedure to determine it should be fair. The amount of restitution or reparation should be reasonable.
* * *
"If restitution ordered is not paid because the defendant has been unable to pay it, he should not have probation revoked or be imprisoned. The principle involved is the same as that involved in imprisonment for failure to pay a fine that cannot be paid.
* * *
"It seems desirable to have the defendant and his lawyer participate in the restitution decision. The matter might be discussed at the time of a plea of guilty. The recommended amount of restitution or reparation and the manner of its payment should be included in the presentence report and disclosed. The court might tell the defendant at the time of conviction that if probation is granted, restitution may be required, and suggest that he and his lawyer propose a plan for restitution to the presentence investigator. In any event, the court could invite comment from defendant about the restitution the court is considering before it is imposed as a part of the sentence.
"The amount and manner of payment of reasonable restitution is a matter for the judgment of the sentencing judge, as to him `may be meet and proper'.
"`The legislatively announced state policy with respect to probation is that it is a matter of grace. MCLA 771.4; MSA 28.1134. The statutory authority of a sentencing judge granting probation is broad, as is his authority to alter and amend the probationary order. MCLA 771.1, 771.2, 771.3; MSA 28.1131, 28.1132, 28.1133. Probation is peculiarly within the province of the sentencing judge, and an appellate court should not interfere in probation matters absent a showing of a violation or abuse of statutory authority or violation of some constitutional right of the defendant.' People v Sattler, 20 Mich. App. 665, 669-670; 174 N.W.2d 605, 607 (1969).
"The justice of restitution is deeply rooted in human nature and history. Proverbs, 6:30-31; 4 Blackstone, Commentaries, pp 429-430. Compensation of victims of crime has been enacted in England and is popularly advocated here. Who better to compensate the victims to the extent he or they can do so than the criminal or criminals causing the harm?
"The trial judge's requirement that defendant pay the value of the stolen car from which the cowl was found in his collision shop is not in violation of the probation statute nor is it a violation of any constitutional right of the defendant. We do not find it to be an abuse of the judge's discretion."
People v Jim Williams, 57 Mich. App. 439, 441-442; 225 N.W.2d 798 (1975), involved a defendant who had pled nolo contendere to felonious assault, and who was sentenced to two years probation on the condition that he pay $500 in court costs and fine and make restitution to the victim of the assault in the amount of $1,500. The opinion reads in part:
"Defendant next argues that the imposition of restitution payments to the injured party as a condition of his probation violates due process of law. MCLA 771.3; MSA 28.1133, authorizes the sentencing court to require the payment of restitution and costs as a condition of probation. Furthermore, our courts have repeatedly held that when a defendant is given probation, he is not deprived of any of his rights without due process, but rather he is given the privilege of avoiding the usual penalty of his crime by the payment of a sum of money and observance of other conditions. People v Good, 287 Mich. 110; 282 N.W. 920 (1938), People v Jaynes, 23 Mich. App. 360, 362; 178 N.W.2d 558 (1970), People v Marks, 340 Mich. 495; 65 N.W.2d 698 (1954). Therefore, the trial court's requirement of restitution in the case at bar was not in violation of the probation statute nor was it a violation of any constitutional right of the defendant. See People v Gallagher, 55 Mich. App. 613; 223 N.W.2d 92 (1974)."
In People v Sattler, 20 Mich. App. 665; 174 N.W.2d 605 (1969), this Court, in effect, put on the defendant the burden of showing any inaccuracy in the amount of restitution ordered as a condition of probation. The Sattler opinion makes it clear, however, that the sentencing court in that case had attempted to fix the amount of restitution to equal the amount of money obtained by the defendant from his victims. The method of such determination was a matter of record. In Gallagher, supra, and Nawrocki, supra, the amount of restitution was made equal to the amount of loss suffered by victims of the defendants in those cases. The methods of computation were clearly revealed on the record. In Good, supra, while upholding the sentencing court's right to impose restitution as a probation condition, the Court set aside the revocation and remanded the case to the trial court because the original probation order was invalid. The Good Court stating in part:
"The court should in any event include within its order the specific purpose, terms and conditions of the payment of money by a defendant if such payment is made a condition of probation." People v Good, supra, at 117.
The people's brief contends that "[a]ppellant makes no serious contention that the amount of restitution ordered is excessive". We note, however, that defendant does argue in his brief that the damages have never been measured and that the record does not provide a factual basis for the amounts of restitution ordered here. We agree. The reparational amounts ordered paid as a condition of probation in the instant case are essentially arbitrary. In such a case we will not impose a burden on the defendant of showing the inaccuracy of the amounts. To be a valid condition of probation the restitution order must be based on the victim's loss although it may be limited by a defendant's ability to pay. People v Gallagher, supra.
The probation statute does not create a substitute for an action for civil damages. Criminal and civil liability are not synonomous. A criminal conviction does not necessarily establish the existence of civil liability. Civil liability need not be established as a prerequisite to the requirement of restitution as a probation condition; such restitution for personal injury, therefore, generally should be more limited in scope than civil damages. In the instant case we believe that restitution should encompass only those losses which are easily ascertained and measured, and which are a direct result of the defendant's criminal acts.
Since the record in the instant case does not disclose the purpose of the payments, nor the manner in which they were determined, we are unable to conclude that they constitute lawful restitution. We hold that revocation of probation may not be based on failure to comply with these unlawful conditions. We reverse the order of revocation.
Reversed and remanded.