Summary
In People v Guy, 84 Mich. App. 610; 270 N.W.2d 662 (1978), a majority of the panel concurred with the argument advanced by defendant in the case at bar.
Summary of this case from People v. StinsonOpinion
Docket No. 77-1301.
Decided July 13, 1978.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, James Norlander, Prosecuting Attorney, and Theodore P. Hentchel, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Dobbins Schaeffer, for defendant.
Before: R.M. MAHER, P.J., and M.F. CAVANAGH and N.J. KAUFMAN, JJ.
We agree wholeheartedly with the conclusion reached in Judge CAVANAGH'S dissenting opinion that MCL 750.224; MSA 28.421 is unconstitutionally vague. We also agree that wherever possible an act should be construed to avoid unconstitutionality, if necessary severing unenforceable provisions.
After much deliberation, however, we cannot see how the statutory provision in question can be saved in this case. For example, if a person buys a can of hairspray or deodorant, we do not believe that the question of whether or not that person is violating the statute should be left to the whim or caprice of law enforcement officials. Rather than have each prosecution effect a common-law construction of the provision, the Legislature, if it so desires, should enact a new law which would include a clearly defined "intent" element.
The trial court's order to dismiss is affirmed.
Affirmed.
Defendant was charged with having violated that part of MCL 750.224; MSA 28.421 which prohibits possession of a gas-ejecting device. The trial court found this part of the statute unconstitutional, and granted defendant's motion to dismiss. The prosecution appeals.
The relevant part of the statute provides as follows:
"Any person who shall * * * possess * * * any gas ejecting device, weapon, cartridge, container or contrivance designed or equipped for or capable of ejecting any gas which will either temporarily or permanently disable, incapacitate, injure or harm any person with whom it comes in contact, shall be guilty of a felony * * *." MCL 750.224; MSA 28.421.
The Supreme Court construed this statute's nearly identical predecessor in People v Brown, 253 Mich. 537, 539; 235 N.W. 245, 246 (1931):
"The statute applies to all persons except peace officers, certain manufacturers, military, and licensed persons, and contains no limitations of place, time, purpose, or use. It prohibits the possession of the enumerated weapons by anyone, other than an excepted person, in private as well as in public, in the home or elsewhere, and whatever the purpose and contemplated use."
Defendant contended before the lower court that the statute was unconstitutionally vague. In support of this contention defendant cited the preliminary examination testimony of a state police firearms and explosives identification expert, who testified that possession of an ordinary can of freon gas-powered hairspray would be within the statutory proscription. Based on this testimony, and relying on cases which indicate that the Legislature may not prohibit conduct which is entirely innocent in character, the court sustained defendant's constitutional challenge, but did so on the ground of overbreadth:
"Q. Okay. Would a can of ladie's [sic] hair spray fall under that?
"A. I would — if it contained just hair spray?
"Q. No. If it contained — I mean, the assumption that it contains freon gas with the hair spray.
"A. Did you read the entire Statute as to — does it say anything about the gas?
"Q. No. Let me read it to you, again. Pertinent language is: Any gas ejection device, weapon, cartridge, container or contrivance designed or equipped for or capable of ejecting any gas which may either temporarily or permanently disable, incapacitate, injure or harm any person.
"A. You didn't read it entirely the first time.
"Q. No, I read it in entirety this time. I don't think the Judge did either.
"A. Okay. Now, if you were to take a chemical that is designed with [sic] specifically stated in there, that will cause those injuries, according to the way that is written and my understanding of it, that would come under a gas ejecting device." Preliminary Examination Transcript, pp 32-33.
Detroit v Bowden, 6 Mich. App. 514, 520; 149 N.W.2d 771 (1967), lv den, 379 Mich. 772 (1967), Detroit v Sanchez, 18 Mich. App. 399, 403; 171 N.W.2d 452, 454 (1969).
"[T]he portion of the statute under consideration here is unconstitutional for the reason that its language is so broad that it does cover acts which are clearly innocent as well as those which are criminal in nature."
In Grayned v City of Rockford, 408 U.S. 104, 114-115; 92 S Ct 2294, 2302; 33 L Ed 2d 222, 231 (1972), the United States Supreme Court suggested the following test for overbreadth challenges:
"A clear and precise enactment may nevertheless be `overbroad' if in its reach it prohibits constitutionally protected conduct.
* * *
"The crucial question, then, is whether the ordinance sweeps within its prohibitions what may not be punished". (Footnotes omitted.)
The current pressure for legislation to prohibit use of freon-powered aerosols gives reason for serious doubt that they or similar products are so innocuous as to be beyond the state's police power. If possession of such products is not a constitutionally protected freedom, then the statute would not be unconstitutionally overbroad in the sense in which that term was used in Grayned.
However, the real thrust of defendant's argument, and the lower court's finding, is not that the statute covered conduct which couldn't be regulated. Rather, it was argued, and found, that the statute's language is broad enough to cover conduct, such as possessing cans of hairspray, which the Legislature surely didn't intend to prohibit.
I agree that the statute's sweeping language opens it to constitutional attack. However, I also believe that the statute's defect is, as defendant argued below, its vagueness. This doctrine was summarized by the Michigan Supreme Court in People v Howell, 396 Mich. 16, 20; 238 N.W.2d 148, 149-150 (1976):
"A statute may be challenged for vagueness on three grounds:
"1. It does not provide fair notice of the conduct proscribed.
"2. It confers on the trier of fact unstructured and unlimited discretion to determine whether an offense has been committed.
"3. Its coverage is overbroad and impinges on First Amendment freedoms." (Footnote omitted.)
Measured by these tests, the statute before us is deficient in two respects. By leaving it to the police, the prosecution and, ultimately, the trier of fact to define the difference between legal and illegal devices for ejecting harmful gases, the statute confers an impermissible "discretion to determine whether an offense has been committed". By abdicating its duty to define the offense, the Legislature has left the actor without "fair notice of the conduct proscribed". I conclude that the statute is unconstitutionally vague.
The prosecution concedes that the statute as written is unconstitutional, but contends that, by severing certain offending language, the remainder's constitutionality can be saved. See MCL 8.5; MSA 2.216. Although I do not find the construction offered by the prosecution satisfactory, I do find it unnecessary to declare unconstitutional the whole of the provision under consideration here.
The prosecution argues that the statute would be constitutional if we severed the language lined out in the following quote:
"Any person who shall * * * possess * * * any gas ejecting device, weapon, cartridge, container or contrivance designed or equipped for or capable of ejecting any gas which will either temporarily or permanently disable, incapacitate, injure or harm any person with whom it comes in contact, shall be guilty of a felony."
Certainly this would narrow the statute's scope. However, as was noted above, the statute punishes possession without regard to purpose or contemplated use. Thus, even so construed the statute would outlaw possession of devices designed to eject injurious gases for innocuous purposes, e.g., a can of hairspray. I therefore conclude that the prosecution's suggested construction fails to cure the constitutional defect.
As previously explained, the statute's vice is the uncertainty as to which gas ejecting devices, etc., it outlaws. If the list of "device[s], weapon[s], cartridge[s], * * * [and] container[s]" is pared down to just "weapon[s]", the uncertainty evaporates. A weapon is generally understood as anything used or designed to be used to injure another. Thus construed, the statute proscribes possession of only two kinds of objects: (1) those actually used to eject a gas for the purpose of injuring another; and (2) those specifically designed for this purpose. In neither case need people of common understanding guess at whether such conduct falls within a statutory proscription on possession of gas-ejecting weapons. This construction also eliminates the factfinder's discretion to expand the statute's reach.
"[A] weapon is broadly defined as anything used or designed to be used in destroying, defeating, or injuring an enemy — an instrument of offensive or defensive combat * * *." 79 Am Jur 2d, Weapons and Firearms, § 1, pp 3-4.
"A weapon is an instrument of offensive or defensive combat, or anything used, or designed to be used, in destroying, defeating, or injuring an enemy." (Footnotes omitted.) (4 CJS, Weapons, § 1, p 469.
Moreover, limiting the statutory proscription to possession of gas-ejecting weapons is consistent with the statute's scope as described in Brown, supra:
"The list of weapons in section 16751, supra, is significant and demonstrates a definite intention of the legislature to protect society from a recognized menace. It does not include ordinary guns, swords, revolvers, or other weapons usually relied upon by good citizens for defense or pleasure. It is a partial inventory of the arsenal of the `public enemy,' the `gangster.' It describes some of the particular weapons with which he wars on the State and reddens his murderous trail." 253 Mich at 542, 235 NW at 247.
Although the quoted language in fact refers to 3 Comp Laws 1929, § 16751, a comparison of that statute's language with that of the statute before us reveals no basis for distinguishing Brown.
Accordingly, I would hold that the statute, so construed, is constitutional and consistent with the legislative purpose. I would reverse the lower court and remand the case for proceedings consistent with this opinion.