Summary
recognizing that the Court of Appeals erred in concluding that a life sentence is "within the guidelines" for the offenses at issue where the relevant statutes set forth life imprisonment as the statutory maximum
Summary of this case from People v. SmithOpinion
No. 113369.
Decided January 26, 2000.
Appeal from the Court of Appeals, Corrigan, C.J., and Cavanagh and Badstra, J.J., Docket No. 199314.
State Appellate Defender (by Desiree M. Ferguson) [3300 Penobscot Building, 645 Griswold, Detroit, MI 48226] [(313) 256-9833] for the defendant-appellant.
The defendant was convicted after a jury trial of assault with intent to murder, armed robbery, and conspiracy to commit armed robbery. She was sentenced to life in prison for assault with intent to murder, and fifteen to twenty-five years for the other two convictions. However, the trial court incorrectly believed that the then-effective Sentencing Guidelines were inapplicable to the defendant's assault conviction because she was convicted on an aiding and abetting theory and erroneously failed to apply the guidelines. We therefore remand for resentencing.
MCL 750.83; MSA 28.278.
MCL 750.529; MSA 28.797.
MCL 750.157a; MSA 28.354(1).
I
This prosecution arises out of the March 16, 1996, robbery of a St. Clair County store. The owner was shot in the head, and although he survived, he suffered serious impairment of his mental and physical functioning. The prosecution's theory was that codefendants Terry Patterson and Justin Rose committed the robbery and assault, and that defendant Greaux drove Patterson and Rose to and from the scene. The information charged the defendant with aiding and abetting Rose and Patterson in the commission of the robbery and assault, as well as with conspiracy to commit armed robbery.
At trial, defendant testified, admitting that she drove the two men to and from the store, but denying knowledge of their plan to commit any crimes. She claimed that she did not learn of the robbery and shooting until several days later.
The trial court instructed the jury that defendant Greaux was charged with aiding and abetting armed robbery and aiding and abetting assault with intent to murder. The jury found her guilty of aiding and abetting those two offenses, as well as of the conspiracy count. As noted, the court sentenced the defendant to life on the assault conviction and fifteen to twenty-five years for conspiracy and armed robbery.
II
On appeal, among other claims, defendant challenged the assault sentence. She argued that the trial court improperly regarded the Sentencing Guidelines as inapplicable, provided no explanation for imposing a sentence outside the recommended minimum range, and imposed a disproportionate sentence.
Administrative Order No. 1988-4, which directed use of the second edition of the guidelines, provided, in part:
In accordance with the directions found in the second edition of the sentencing guidelines, every judge of the circuit court and of the Recorder's Court for the City of Detroit must, not later than the date of sentencing, complete a sentencing information report on a form to be prescribed by and returned to the state court administrator. Whenever a judge of the circuit court or of the Recorder's Court for the City of Detroit determines that a minimum sentence outside the recommended minimum range should be imposed, the judge may do so. When such a sentence is imposed, the judge must explain on the sentencing information report and on the record the aspects of the case that have persuaded the judge to impose a sentence outside the recommended minimum range.
The Court of Appeals rejected the argument regarding the applicability of the Guidelines, stating:
[A]fter reviewing the lower court record, we find no indication that the trial court thought that the sentencing guidelines did not apply to defendant's convictions of aiding and abetting.
The Court of Appeals addressed the departure question in the context of defendant's claim that her sentence was disproportionate. The Court said:
We reject defendant's claim. First, the trial court did not depart from the guidelines when it sentenced her. The sentencing information report (SIR) completed on defendant's aiding and abetting armed robbery conviction states that the guidelines' range is 96 to 180 months (or 8 to 15 years). This range should have also included parolable life as being in the guidelines' range because the statute authorizing punishment for armed robbery, MCL 750.529; MSA 28.797, states that punishment can be for any number of years or life. See People v Johnson, 202 Mich. App. 281, 290; 508 N.W.2d 509 (1993) (the guidelines' range for CSC I was 180 to 360 months or life); People v Gonzalez, 197 Mich. App. 385, 401; 496 N.W.2d 312 (1992). Thus, all of defendant's minimum sentences for her convictions, life and fifteen years, fall within the guidelines' range and are presumptively proportionate. Johnson, supra. Defendant has failed to present any unusual circumstances to overcome this presumption.
III
Since these crimes were committed in 1996, the former Sentencing Guidelines were applicable. There were no guidelines for the conspiracy conviction, but there were for both armed robbery and assault with intent to murder. However, with respect to those counts, the presentence investigator believed that the defendant had been convicted of "aiding and abetting." Therefore, she wrote in the presentence report: "There are no guidelines for these offenses."
Effective January 1, 1999, as to crimes committed on or after that date, the statutory Sentencing Guidelines mandated by 1998 PA 317, MCL 777.1 et seq.; MSA 28.1274(11) et seq., are applicable. See Administrative Order No. 1998-4.
The sentencing information report (SIR), is something of a curiosity. It purports to calculate a guidelines range for "aiding and abetting armed robbery," computing the range as 96 to 180 months. But there is no grid for "aiding and abetting," and there is no 96 to 180-month grid cell for armed robbery. There is a 96 to 180-month grid cell for assault with intent to murder. Thus, despite what is stated on the SIR, it appears that the presentence investigator used the assault grid. That would be appropriate, since both armed robbery and assault with intent to murder carry life maximums.
The guidelines instructions directed scoring of the offense that carried the highest maximum sentence. Where two or more crimes carry the same maximums, the trial court was authorized to choose which of them to score.
The SIR does not indicate the defendant's actual sentences. Not surprisingly, it does not acknowledge a departure from the 96 to 180-month range. Nor does it bear the trial judge's signature.
The omissions probably are explained by the following statement made by the judge at sentencing.
[I]n regards to the sentencing guidelines, I think my analysis of what guidelines were presented to the Court, which are informational only, have been computed correctly. I do agree with the Probation Department that, that further scoring is not essential or necessary. The sentences I have been imposing here are sentences that I believe are correct and just under the circumstances and supported by the evidence presented. [Emphasis added.]
In other words, it appears that the trial judge believed that the guidelines were inapplicable because there are no guidelines for either conspiracy or "aiding and abetting." It further appears that he viewed the SIR scoring as "informational only." This explains the judge's failure to acknowledge that he was departing from the 96 to 180-month guidelines range by sentencing defendant to a life term for her assault conviction. Since the judge did not believe that the sentence represented a departure, it is understandable that he offered no departure explanation.
IV
The lower courts erred in several ways in their analyses of these sentencing questions. First, the trial court erred in concluding that the guidelines were to be used only for "informational purposes" because the defendant stood convicted of "aiding and abetting." The defendant's convictions are for conspiracy, armed robbery, and assault with intent to murder. The guidelines applied to the latter two convictions. The aiding and abetting statute does not create a distinct crime; rather, it allows an aider and abetter to be convicted of, for example, armed robbery, even though that person did not hold the gun or take the money. When the time for sentencing arrives, the guidelines for armed robbery are to be used. People v Spicer, 216 Mich. App. 270, 273-276; 548 N.W.2d 245 (1996).
Every person concerned in the commission of an offense, whether he directly commits the act constituting the offense or procures, counsels, aids, or abets in its commission may hereafter be prosecuted, indicted, tried and on conviction shall be punished as if he had directly committed such offense. [MCL 767.39; MSA 28.979.]
Second, the Court of Appeals incorrectly held that a life sentence is "within the guidelines" for every armed robbery and assault with intent to murder because the statutes creating those crimes specify that life is the statutory maximum. Some of the grid cells for those offenses include "or life" as an alternative to the usual guidelines range stated in months. Grid cell D-IV for assault with intent to murder specifies a range of "180-300 [months] or life." Similarly, grid cell D-IV for armed robbery specifies "120-300 [months] or life." Each of those grids has fifteen other cells with recommended ranges stated in months. None of those thirty other cells contains the "or life" alternative.
Since the Court of Appeals was wrong about a life sentence being within the guidelines, the sentence cannot benefit from the presumption that a within-the-guidelines sentence is proportionate.
V
The trial court erred in failing to apply the Sentencing Guidelines. We therefore reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals in part, and remand the case to the St. Clair Circuit Court for resentencing. In all other respects the application for leave to appeal is denied.
Weaver, C.J., and Cavanagh, Kelly, Taylor, Young, and Markman, JJ., concurred.
Corrigan, J., took no part in the decision of this case.