Summary
rejecting the contention that a crime of violence enhancement based on the use of a deadly weapon violated double jeopardy when the substantive crime included as an element the use or threatened use of a deadly weapon
Summary of this case from People v. MaganaOpinion
No. 85SC508
Decided March 9, 1987. Rehearing Denied March 23, 1987.
Certiorari to the Colorado Court of Appeals
Duane Woodard, Attorney General, Charles B. Howe, Chief Deputy Attorney General, Richard H. Forman, Solicitor General, Robert M. Petrusak, Assistant Attorney General, for Petitioner.
David F. Vela, Colorado State Public Defender, Douglas D. Barnes, Deputy State Public Defender, for Respondent.
We granted the People's petition for certiorari to review the unpublished opinion of the court of appeals in People v. Goodman, 83CA1360 (October 31, 1985), which reversed the defendant's convictions on three counts of crime of violence, § 16-11-309, 8A C.R.S. (1986), on the basis that such convictions violated the constitutional prohibition against double jeopardy in article II, section 18 of the Colorado Constitution. We reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and remand the case to that court for further consideration of issues not resolved by the court's opinion.
The defendant, Mathias L. Goodman, was found guilty by a jury of first degree sexual assault, first degree burglary while armed with a deadly weapon, aggravated robbery, and three counts of violent crime by using or possessing and threatening the use of a deadly weapon during the commission of the substantive offenses. Goodman appealed to the court of appeals, which affirmed the conviction on the substantive offenses but reversed the convictions on the violent crime counts. The court of appeals held that the violent crime convictions contravened the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Colorado Constitution because each of the substantive crimes "included the use or threatened use of a deadly weapon as an integral element of the offense" and this same deadly weapon element was also the only basis for the violent crimes convictions.
The court of appeals' decision is contrary to our recent decision in People v. Haymaker, 716 P.2d 110 (Colo. 1986). In Haymaker, we relied on the reasoning of the United States Supreme Court in Missouri v. Hunter, 459 U.S. 359 (1983), where the Court considered "whether the prosecution and conviction of a criminal defendant in a single trial on both a charge of `armed criminal action' and a charge of first degree robbery — the underlying felony — violates the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment." 459 U.S. at 360. The Missouri statutory scheme in Hunter provided that first degree robbery by means of a deadly weapon was punishable by imprisonment for not less than five years, and further provided for an additional sentence of not less than three years for the commission of any felony with a deadly weapon. In holding that the double jeopardy prohibition against multiple punishments for the same offense was not violated by Hunter's conviction and sentence to ten years' imprisonment for first degree robbery and fifteen years' concurrent imprisonment for armed criminal actions, the Court stated:
"Where, as here, a legislature specifically authorizes cumulative punishment under two statutes, regardless of whether those two statutes proscribe the "same" conduct under Blockburger [v. United States, 284 U.S. 299 (1932)], a court's task of statutory construction is at an end and the prosecutor may seek and the trial court or jury may impose cumulative punishment under such statutes in a single trial."
Finding no basis under Colorado case law or the Colorado Double Jeopardy Clause for diverging from the Supreme Court's analysis in Hunter, we concluded in Haymaker that the intent of the Colorado legislature to authorize a punishment for a crime of violence that was cumulative to the punishment for the underlying substantive offense is "simply unmistakable." 716 P.2d at 117. Our decision in Haymaker thus requires that the judgment of the court of appeals be reversed on this issue.
In his appeal to the court of appeals, the defendant claimed that the trial court erred in instructing the jury on the elements of a crime of violence. In sustaining the defendant's double jeopardy challenge to the crime of violence convictions, the court of appeals found it unnecessary to address the correctness of the elemental jury instruction on a crime of violence. Since we granted certiorari in this case only on the double jeopardy issue, it is necessary to remand this case to the court of appeals for consideration of the defendant's unresolved challenge to the jury instruction.
The judgment is accordingly reversed and the cause is remanded to the court of appeals for further proceedings not inconsistent with the views herein expressed.