Opinion
15747, 5447/09.
10-01-2015
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Luis GARCIA, Defendant–Appellant.
Seymour W. James, Jr., The Legal Aid Society, New York (Frances A. Gallagher of counsel), for appellant. Cyrus R. Vance, Jr., District Attorney, New York (Jessica Olive of counsel), for respondent.
Seymour W. James, Jr., The Legal Aid Society, New York (Frances A. Gallagher of counsel), for appellant.Cyrus R. Vance, Jr., District Attorney, New York (Jessica Olive of counsel), for respondent.
TOM, J.P., ACOSTA, MOSKOWITZ, RICHTER, JJ.
Opinion Judgment, Supreme Court, New York County (Edward J. McLaughlin, J. at hearing; Renee A. White, J. at plea and sentencing), rendered May 22, 2012, convicting defendant of criminal possession of a controlled substance in the fourth degree, and sentencing him, as a second felony drug offender previously convicted of a violent felony, to a term of 2 ½ years, unanimously affirmed.
The court properly denied defendant's suppression motion. There is no basis for disturbing the court's credibility determinations.
The police recovered drugs from defendant pursuant to a search incident to an arrest supported by probable cause. The court's finding of probable cause was supported by an officer's testimony regarding her observation, in a drug-prone location, of a suspicious exchange between defendant and another man of a small object for money, which included defendant weighing the object. Based on the officer's training and experience, she recognized the overall pattern of behavior as characteristic of a drug transaction, regardless of whether the object was specifically recognizable as drug packaging (see People v. Jones, 90 N.Y.2d 835, 837, 660 N.Y.S.2d 549, 683 N.E.2d 14 [1997] ; People v. James, 83 A.D.3d 504, 504, 921 N.Y.S.2d 63 [1st Dept.2011], lv. denied 17 N.Y.3d 817, 929 N.Y.S.2d 806, 954 N.E.2d 97 [2011] ; People v. Schlaich, 218 A.D.2d 398, 640 N.Y.S.2d 885 [1st Dept.1996], lv. denied 88 N.Y.2d 994, 649 N.Y.S.2d 401, 672 N.E.2d 627 [1996] ). The officers who performed the actual arrest and search received the information from the officer in the observation post, and were entitled to rely on that information pursuant to the fellow officer rule (see People v. Ketcham, 93 N.Y.2d 416, 419, 690 N.Y.S.2d 874, 712 N.E.2d 1238 [1999] ).
The evidence also supports the conclusion that the search was “incident to an actual arrest, not just to probable cause that might have led to an arrest, but did not” (People v. Reid, 24 N.Y.3d 615, 619, 2 N.Y.S.3d 409, 26 N.E.3d 237 [2014] ), and the clear import of the hearing court's decision is that it made such a finding. There was no evidence that the police formed the intent to arrest defendant only after they conducted their search. Instead, it is evident that at the time the officers approached defendant, they intended to arrest him based on probable cause to believe he had acquired contraband during the apparent drug transaction observed by their fellow officer.
Defendant claims that the drugs should have been suppressed as the fruit of a statement that was suppressed by the hearing court for lack of Miranda warnings and that included defendant's consent to a search of his person. Defendant failed to preserve this specific claim (see People v. Wright, 68 A.D.3d 573, 574, 891 N.Y.S.2d 66 [1st Dept.2009], lv. denied 14 N.Y.3d 774, 898 N.Y.S.2d 106, 925 N.E.2d 111 [2010] ), and we decline to review it in the interest of justice. As an alternative holding, we find that it is unsupported by the hearing evidence, which clearly establishes that the search was not based on defendant's consent, or any other statement by defendant, but on probable cause that preexisted any statements. We find it unnecessary to reach the issue of whether, given United States Supreme Court authority to the contrary (see United States v. Patane, 542 U.S. 630, 124 S.Ct. 2620, 159 L.Ed.2d 667 [2004] ), physical evidence may be suppressed as fruit of a Miranda violation.