Summary
In Flores, a rape victim's neighbor discovered a trail of footprints in the snow leading from the victim's house to the house in which the defendant was found.
Summary of this case from Com. v. SinwellOpinion
Docket No. 78-934.
Decided August 21, 1979. Leave to appeal denied, 407 Mich. 932.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, L. Brooks Patterson, Prosecuting Attorney, Robert C. Williams, Chief Appellate Counsel, and Robert F. Davisson, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Hatchett, Dewalt, Hatchett, Mitchell Morgan, for defendant on appeal.
Defendant was convicted by a jury of breaking and entering an occupied dwelling with intent to commit criminal sexual conduct in the first degree contrary to MCL 750.110; MSA 28.305 and first-degree criminal sexual conduct where sexual penetration is accomplished by use of force or coercion causing personal injury to the victim contrary to MCL 750.520b(1)(f); MSA 28.788(2)(1)(f). Defendant was sentenced to concurrent terms of 10 to 15 years and 15 to 25 years imprisonment, respectively, and is before this Court by leave granted.
Defendant raises three issues on appeal.
First, defendant claims that his warrantless arrest, shortly after the complainant reported the rape and breaking and entering, was without probable cause and that all evidence admitted at trial flowed from the illegal arrest and should have been suppressed. Review of the record reveals that no objection was made in the form of a motion to suppress evidence obtained as a result of an allegedly illegal arrest. Generally, error cannot be claimed unless the motion is timely made in the court below. People v Ferguson, 376 Mich. 90; 135 N.W.2d 357 (1965), People v Blassingame, 59 Mich. App. 327, 332-333; 229 N.W.2d 438 (1975). However where a defendant "raises a constitutional question for the first time on appeal, the Court must determine if the allegedly erroneously admitted evidence was decisive to the outcome of the case". People v Merchant, 86 Mich. App. 355, 358; 272 N.W.2d 656 (1978), People v Blassingame, supra. Before we determine whether the complained of evidence was decisive, i.e., its exclusion probably would have meant acquittal for the defendant, it is necessary to ask whether the evidence was erroneously admitted into evidence in the first instance. People v Summers, 70 Mich. App. 584, 586-587; 246 N.W.2d 152 (1976), People v Blassingame, supra. We find that it was not.
Review of the full record convinces us that the arresting officers were provided with sufficient probable cause to effect defendant's warrantless arrest. The testimony of the arresting officers indicates that they had received reasonably trustworthy information from the complainant regarding her assailant's height, build, hair, accent, and the clothes he wore. Furthermore, the officers had been advised that a neighbor had detected footprints in the snow from the victim's home across the street to a house a short distance away where defendant was found. This information, combined with the officers' initial interview with the defendant, is sufficient to warrant a prudent person in believing that the defendant had committed a felony offense. MCL 764.15(d); MSA 28.874(d), People v Robinson, 71 Mich. App. 287; 248 N.W.2d 237 (1976), People v Langston, 57 Mich. App. 666, 671-673; 226 N.W.2d 686 (1975). Since the warrantless arrest was valid, evidence seized incident to that arrest was properly obtained and, hence, admissible into evidence at the subsequent trial. People v Whalen, 390 Mich. 672; 213 N.W.2d 116 (1973), People v Krontz, 50 Mich. App. 495; 213 N.W.2d 593 (1973).
Second, defendant claims that the trial court erred in admitting, over his objection on grounds of relevancy, the testimony of the complainant's 13-year-old neighbor regarding his discovery of footprints in the snow which led from the complainant's home to the house in which the defendant was found. Contrary to defendant's assertion we hold that the evidence was both logically and legally relevant. People v Nichols, 341 Mich. 311, 331; 67 N.W.2d 230 (1954), People v DerMartzex, 390 Mich. 410, 415; 213 N.W.2d 97 (1973), MRE 401, 403.
The trial judge enjoys the discretion of ruling on the admissibility of evidence on the basis of relevancy. People v DerMartzex, supra, People v Utter, 217 Mich. 74; 185 N.W. 830 (1921). That decision will not be reversed unless it is clearly erroneous and indicates an abuse of discretion. People v Ranes, 63 Mich. App. 498; 234 N.W.2d 673 (1975). The trial judge determined that the jury could properly infer from the footprints the presence of the maker at the time of the criminal act. And although the prosecutor was unable to identify the footprints as being those of the defendant (2 Wigmore, Evidence [3d ed]) this factor was properly determined to be a matter of weight for the trier of fact, and not of law, People v Abdalla, 70 Mich. App. 697, 701; 247 N.W.2d 332 (1976), and see People v Keep, 123 Mich. 231; 81 N.W. 1097 (1900), notwithstanding the nonexpertise of the witness regarding the identification or tracking of footprints. 3 Wharton's Criminal Evidence (13th ed), § 610, p 179. As such, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the challenged testimony. People v Abdalla, supra, People v Keep, supra. See also, Anno: Footprints as evidence, 31 ALR 204, Anno: Footprints as evidence, 35 ALR2d 856, 29 Am Jur 2d, Evidence, § 377, p 427, 32 CJS, Evidence, § 546(9), (24), (59), 1 Wharton's Criminal Evidence (13th ed), § 193, p 394.
Finally, defendant claims that his conviction for breaking and entering an occupied dwelling with intent to commit first-degree criminal sexual conduct is constitutionally prohibited because the double jeopardy clauses of the United States and Michigan constitutions forbid double punishment where the acts of breaking and entering and first-degree criminal sexual conduct arose out of the same transaction. In short, defendant contends that the prosecution proved, at best, that there was but a single intent by the complainant's assailant, and that was to have sexual intercourse with the complainant. Since the breaking and entering was an essential element of the offense of the first-degree criminal sexual conduct, defendant contends that separate convictions violate the double jeopardy clause on authority of People v Swearington, 84 Mich. App. 372; 269 N.W.2d 467 (1978). We disagree.
In People v Swearington, supra, the defendant was convicted of breaking and entering with intent to commit larceny, contrary to MCL 750.110; MSA 28.305, and first-degree criminal sexual conduct, contrary to MCL 750.520b(1); MSA 28.788(2)(1). While it is not clear from the face of the opinion what aggravating circumstance resulted in bringing a charge of first-degree criminal sexual conduct against the defendant, as opposed to a charge of merely third-degree criminal sexual conduct MCL 750.520d; MSA 28.788(4), we have examined the record in Swearington and have determined that the defendant in that case had been charged with the offense of engaging
"in sexual penetration with another person, * * * under circumstances involving the commission of another felony, to wit: breaking and entering an occupied dwelling with intent to commit a larceny therein, contrary to MSA 28.788(2)(1)(c)."
Upon conviction of both the breaking and entering and the criminal sexual conduct charges, the defendant appealed to this Court which reversed the conviction for breaking and entering on the grounds that the breaking and entering was an essential element of the first-degree criminal sexual conduct conviction in violation of the double jeopardy clause of the Federal and state constitutions.
The instant case is clearly distinguishable from Swearington. In the case at bar, the defendant was charged with breaking and entering with intent to commit a felony, to wit: criminal sexual conduct in the first degree. The elements of that crime include (1) the breaking and entering of (2) an occupied dwelling with (3) felonious intent. People v Benevides, 71 Mich. App. 168; 247 N.W.2d 341 (1976), People v D'Argis, 44 Mich. App. 186; 205 N.W.2d 19 (1972). The record clearly reflects, and the defendant does not dispute, that each of these elements was properly established by the prosecution. As such, the criminal breaking and entering was completed regardless of whether the defendant was guilty of, or even attempted to complete, the felony (e.g. larceny, murder, arson, or criminal sexual conduct) which he allegedly intended to commit by his breaking and entering. People v Matuja, 77 Mich. App. 291; 258 N.W.2d 79 (1977).
In the case at bar the defendant was also charged with criminal sexual conduct in the first degree because he caused personal injury to the victim, and force or coercion was used to accomplish sexual penetration. MCL 750.520b(1)(f); MSA 28.788(2)(1)(f). The basis of this first-degree criminal sexual conduct charge is materially different from the basis of the first-degree criminal sexual conduct charge in Swearington. That is, under the facts presented, the defendant was charged with criminal sexual conduct in the first degree because he used force and coercion to penetrate the complainant and because he caused her personal injury in so doing. Under the factual situation in the instant case, the defendant could have been charged with and convicted of first-degree criminal sexual conduct regardless of whether he committed another felony, e.g., breaking and entering with intent to commit a felony. In essence, defendant in the case at bar was charged and tried for acts which constituted two separate crimes, People v Scotts, 80 Mich. App. 1; 263 N.W.2d 272 (1977). While the perpetration of the criminal act arose out of the same transaction for purposes of prosecution, conviction and sentencing, People v White, 390 Mich. 245; 212 N.W.2d 222 (1973), the crimes share no common elements. People v Martin, 398 Mich. 303; 247 N.W.2d 303 (1976), People v Stewart (ON REHEARING), 400 Mich. 540; 256 N.W.2d 31 (1977), Wayne County Prosecutor v Recorder's Court Judge, 406 Mich. 374; 280 N.W.2d 793 (1979), People v Anderson, 62 Mich. App. 475; 233 N.W.2d 620 (1975).
In contrast, the defendant's conviction of first-degree criminal sexual conduct in Swearington was based upon his guilt for breaking and entering. The trier of fact necessarily found him guilty of the latter offense in order to convict him of the former. People v Anderson, 83 Mich. App. 744, 749; 269 N.W.2d 288 (1978). In essence, defendant's criminal sexual conduct in Swearington was punished as a first-degree criminal sexual conduct because sexual penetration occurred during the commission of another felony. As in cases where the trial court is required on the basis of double jeopardy to vacate the underlying felony where the defendant is convicted of first-degree murder under the felony-murder doctrine, MCL 750.316; MSA 28.548, so too, in Swearington, was this Court compelled to vacate the defendant's breaking and entering conviction where it was used to convict the defendant of first-degree criminal sexual conduct under the "felony-rape" doctrine, MCL 750.520b(1)(c); MSA 28.788(2)(1)(c). Cf. People v Anderson, supra. However, where defendant is convicted and punished for two distinct criminal acts, factually and legally independent of one another, the double jeopardy clause does not require that one of the convictions be vacated, despite the fact that they arose out of the same transaction.
Affirmed.