Opinion
Docket No. 15546.
Decided May 29, 1974. Opinion on rehearing filed March 10, 1975. Leave to appeal applied for.
Appeal from Wayne, Michael L. Stacey, J. Submitted Division 1 April 8, 1974, at Detroit. (Docket No. 15546.) Decided May 29, 1974. Opinion on rehearing filed March 10, 1975. Leave to appeal applied for.
Americo J. Fiorini was convicted of armed robbery. Defendant appeals. Reversed, 53 Mich. App. 389 (1974). On rehearing, conviction affirmed.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Dominick R. Carnovale, Chief, Appellate Department, Patricia J. Boyle, Principal Attorney, Research, Training and Appeals, and Thomas M. Khalil, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people. Stuart M. Israel, Assistant State Appellate Defender, for defendant.
ON REHEARING
This case comes here on an application for rehearing filed by the people.
Defendant was tried before a jury on the charge of armed robbery, MCLA 750.529; MSA 28.797, in Wayne County Circuit Court and was found guilty. He was sentenced to 18 to 40 years imprisonment.
Defendant appealed as of right, alleging that he was denied due process of law, fair trial, and speedy trial because there was a delay of 43 months from the time of the commission of the offense to the date a complaint was filed and a warrant issued. This Court reversed on the basis that defendant had shown some prejudice, and the prosecution had failed to show that the delay was explainable and not deliberate and that the defendant was not unduly prejudiced thereby. People v Fiorini, 53 Mich. App. 389; 220 N.W.2d 70 (1974).
The appellee-prosecutor sought a rehearing and remand for a full and extensive hearing on the reasons for the delay, alleging further that there was no prejudice shown against defendant. Pursuant to that request, we ordered a remand to the trial judge.
A hearing was held, and the trial judge found that the delay "was not occasioned by malice, was not intentional, and was indeed, quite inadvertent". He further found that no prejudice resulted to the defendant as a result of the delay.
We grant appellee's motion for rehearing and reverse our prior decision.
I
On August 30, 1968, the Lakepointe Drugstore in Northville Township was robbed. Soon after the robbery, the police arrived and took descriptions of the assailant from Gerald Dobrusin, the owner of the store and pharmacist, and Dale Randall and Diane Penland (nee Oliver), employees of the store. Within one week, the complaining witness Dobrusin had made a positive photographic identification of defendant. Dobrusin had no further contact with the police regarding the matter until 1972.
In March of 1972, Dobrusin attended a lineup as a result of his own investigation. Dobrusin had talked with one of his pharmacist friends and discovered that a mutual friend's drugstore had been robbed. Dobrusin was given a description of the robber by his friend and, from that description, believed the perpetrator to be the same one that had robbed him some three years earlier. On his own initiative, Dobrusin attended a lineup held in connection with the second robbery and identified defendant.
Detective Frank Van Wulfen was the officer in charge of the case in 1968. Det. Van Wulfen testified that he had planned to arrange a showup, but was reassigned to the Criminal Intelligence Service of the Wayne County Sheriff's Office shortly after the robbery.
Detective Thomas Sheedy was the officer in charge of the 1972 robbery case. He testified that he came into this case in March, 1972, when Dobrusin arrived at the jail on his own initiative, told him about the 1968 robbery, and expressed a desire to view the showup. Det. Sheedy also testified that the 1968 robbery investigation had never been reassigned after Det. Van Wulfen's transfer.
Following Dobrusin's identification of the defendant at the showup, a complaint was filed and a warrant was issued in April of 1972.
Defendant claims that he was prejudiced by this delay in that one alibi witness died in the interim and at least one other was unable to recall details; his ability to impeach the people's witnesses was impeded because the event took place so long previous to arrest and trial that the witnesses were unable to remember many details; and the testifying police officers made use of a composite record of several officers' notes, the originals of which were not available and presumably had been lost.
II
The Speedy Trial Claim
The Sixth Amendment provides that "[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial * * *." US Const, Am VI. The Sixth Amendment speedy-trial provision has no application until the putative defendant in some way becomes an "accused". United States v Marion, 404 U.S. 307, 313; 92 S Ct 455, 459; 30 L Ed 2d 468, 474 (1971). The Sixth Amendment "would seem to afford no protection to those not yet accused, nor would [it] seem to require the Government to discover, investigate, and accuse any person within any particular period of time." 404 US at 313; 92 S Ct at 459; 30 L Ed 2d at 474.
In this case, the right to a speedy trial attached when defendant was arrested. People v Grimmett, 388 Mich. 590, 601-602; 202 N.W.2d 278, 283 (1972).
Since only three months elapsed between the time the defendant became an "accused" within the meaning of the Sixth Amendment and the trial, defendant was not denied a speedy trial as he contends.
The Due Process Claim
In People v Albert White, 27 Mich. App. 432, 435; 183 N.W.2d 606, 607 (1970), rev'd on other grounds, 387 Mich. 775 (1972), this Court reiterated that mere delay in arrest does not of itself amount to a violation of due process. The Court stated:
"`There is no constitutional right to be arrested.' Hoffa v United States, 385 U.S. 293, 310; 87 S Ct 408; 17 L Ed 2d 374 (1966). Defendant must show specific prejudicial effect of the delay."
See also People v Noble, 18 Mich. App. 300, 302; 170 N.W.2d 916 (1969), People v Thomas Smith, 30 Mich. App. 34; 186 N.W.2d 61 (1971).
After a hearing on remand, the trial judge determined that no prejudice resulted to the defendant because of the delay. We concur.
Defendant claimed that he was prejudiced by the delay in that one alibi witness died in the interim. The death or unavailability of an alibi witness is an important factor to be considered in determining whether defendant was unduly prejudiced. Dickey v Florida, 398 U.S. 30, 36; 90 S Ct 1564, 1568; 26 L Ed 2d 26, 31 (1970). However, it is not always prejudicial, as the Court found in United States v Lee, 413 F.2d 910, 914 (CA 7, 1969). In that case, the death of two purported alibi witnesses, during a delay of approximately two years, was found not to have prejudiced the defendant.
In the case at bar, defendant's sister testified that, on the night of the robbery, defendant was present at her home at a wedding anniversary celebration. In addition to defendant, 12 other people were present. Although it is true that one alibi witness died during the delay, only two of the remaining 11 potential alibi witnesses were called by defendant. In fact, his sister testified that defendant's wife, one of the potential alibi witnesses, was vacationing at the time of her husband's trial for armed robbery.
Further, after a hearing ordered by this Court to determine whether defendant was prejudiced, the trial judge stated:
"With the exception of the testimony of defendant's sister, this court finds that the testimony of the other witnesses for the defendant was so incredible, as to be totally unworthy of belief; and that, in any event, the testimony of any additional alibi witness would have been cumulative at the very best."
Under the circumstances in this case, defendant was not prejudiced by the death of one of his alibi witnesses.
Defendant also alleged that his ability to impeach the people's witnesses was impeded because the event took place so long previous to arrest and trial that the witnesses were unable to recall many details. Defendant argues that the delay served only to prejudice the defense, while assisting the prosecution. This allegation is anomalous. A review of the record shows that the defendant cross-examined the people's witnesses, and argued the credibility of the witnesses to the jury. The credibility of the witnesses, both the people's and the defendant's, is a matter for the jury to decide. People v Petrosky, 286 Mich. 397, 400; 282 N.W. 191, 192 (1938). The jury, mindful of the delays and their possible effect, found the defendant to be guilty. See United States v Wilson, 342 F.2d 782, 783 (CA 2, 1965).
Defendant was not prejudiced in cross-examining the people's witnesses.
Finally, defendant contended that he was prejudiced because the testifying police officers made use of a composite record of several officers' notes, the originals of which were not available.
In assessing possible prejudice, the loss or destruction of police records is a matter to be taken into consideration. Dickey v Florida, supra. The Michigan Supreme Court has also stressed the importance of retention by the police of their original notes and records. People v Poe, 388 Mich. 611, 620; 202 N.W.2d 320, 324 (1972). But every failure to keep notes does not require reversal, and so it is here. After hearing upon remand, the trial court stated:
"This court is also of the opinion that the fragmentary notes of Officer Van Wulfen which were apparently lost, were in view of the extensive cross-examination of this witness, nonprejudicial to the defendant."
We agree with the hearing judge. Defendant was not prejudiced by the loss of these notes.
Since defendant has failed to show any prejudice, we conclude that he was not denied due process of law by the delay between the occurrence of the offense and his arrest. Therefore we reverse our prior decision and affirm the conviction.
VAN VALKENBURG, J., concurred.
This writer is unable to agree with the new opinion of my brothers in this case. This writer chooses to stand fast with the original opinion of the Court found at 53 Mich. App. 389; 220 N.W.2d 70 (1974).
Upon motion for rehearing, this case was remanded to the trial court for an evidentiary hearing with the burden on the prosecution to determine: (1) whether the delay was explainable; (2) whether the delay was deliberate; and, (3) whether the defendant had been prejudiced by the delay. These three factors derive from People v Hernandez, 15 Mich. App. 141, 147; 170 N.W.2d 851, 854 (1968). Hernandez was based upon Ross v United States, 121 US App DC 233; 349 F.2d 210 (1965). In Ross there was a purposeful delay of seven months, a plausible claim of inability to recall or reconstruct the events of the day of the offense, and the case was based upon one witness refreshed by a note book. Id. at 238; 349 F.2d at 215. In the present case, while the delay was not purposeful it was six times as long, there is certainly a plausible claim of inability to recall or reconstruct the events of the evening by both prosecution and defense witnesses, and while there was more evidence here its continued viability is questionable in the light of time which has dimmed memories. Also it is well to consider Woody v United States, 125 US App DC 192, 194; 370 F.2d 214, 216 (1966), which explains Ross and aids in understanding and verifying the position of this writer. In Hernandez, supra, it is stated that, precedent to the three factors coming to bear, some prejudice must be shown. Thus, at the outset, this writer notes that even to allow the evidentiary hearing, based on these factors, the precedent condition was fulfilled in that this Court reasoned that the defendant had made a showing of some prejudice.
"The longer the delay, the less burden on defendant in proof of prejudice." United States v Lee, 413 F.2d 910, 912 (CA 7, 1969). The delay between the offense and arrest in Lee was ten months.
The trial court found at the hearing that the delay was explainable, that it was not deliberate and that defendant had not been prejudiced thereby. The trial court said: "No particular reason has been advanced for this failure to assign another officer to take charge." In the context of this case, this writer remains unconvinced that the delay was explainable other than that it was not pursued with diligence, thus showing negligence on the part of the authorities, but does accept the finding that the delay was not deliberate. The trial court further found that the case lay dormant, that no reason was advanced as to why another officer was not assigned to the case and that the delay may well have been due to this. The court said that "this delay was not occasioned by malice, was not intentional, and was indeed, quite inadvertent". Negligence in and of itself may be excused, but when coupled with a showing of prejudice, in a case such as this, negligence cannot excuse a delay in arrest.
While the right to a speedy trial per se does not attach until arrest, United States v Marion, 404 U.S. 307; 92 S Ct 455; 30 L Ed 2d 468 (1971), Mr. Justice BRENNAN'S statement in his concurring opinion in Dickey v Florida, 398 U.S. 30, 39, 51-52; 90 S Ct 1564, 1569, 1575-1576; 26 L Ed 2d 26, 33, 40 (1970), in this regard, is instructive:
"Yet a delay in filing charges often involves the very harms which the right [to speedy trial, US Const, Am VI] seeks to avoid. Like the convict who has been charged, the convict who expects to be charged may suffer anxiety which discourages rehabilitation, be prejudiced in his defense, and lose the chance of obtaining a concurrent sentence." Effective Guaranty of a Speedy Trial for Convicts in Other Jurisdictions, 77 Yale L J, 767, 780-781 (1968).
Cf. People v Fiorini, 53 Mich. App. 389, 395-396; 220 N.W.2d 70, 72-73 (1974). Compare Barker v Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 532; 92 S Ct 2182, 2193; 33 L Ed 2d 101, 118 (1972).
"When is governmental delay reasonable? Clearly, a deliberate attempt by the government to use delay to harm the accused, or governmental delay that is `purposeful or oppressive,' is unjustifiable. Pollard v United States, 352 U.S. 354, 361; 77 S Ct 481, 485; 1 L Ed 2d 393, 399 (1957). See also United States v Provoo, 17 FRD 183 (D Md), aff'd per curiam, 350 U.S. 857; 76 S Ct 101; 100 L Ed 761 (1955). The same may be true of any governmental delay that is unnecessary, whether intentional or negligent in origin. A negligent failure by the government to ensure speedy trial is virtually as damaging to the interests protected by the right as an intentional failure; when negligence is the cause, the only interest necessarily unaffected is our common concern to prevent deliberate misuse of the criminal process by public officials. Thus the crucial question in determining the legitimacy of governmental delay may be whether it might reasonably have been avoided — whether it was unnecessary. To determine the necessity for governmental delay, it would seem important to consider, on the one hand, the intrinsic importance of the reason for the delay, and, on the other, the length of the delay and its potential for prejudice to interests protected by the speedy-trial safeguard. For a trivial objective, almost any delay could be reasonably avoided. Similarly, lengthy delay, even in the interest of realizing an important objective, would be suspect." (Footnotes omitted.) (Emphasis supplied.)
See also United States v Smith, 487 F.2d 175, 178, fn 3 (CA 5, 1973).
Thus it is apparent that an attempted explanation on the basis of negligence alone will be insufficient. The resolution of a due process claim based upon governmental delay in arrest or indictment requires a balancing of reasonableness of the delay against the prejudice to the accused. United States v Jackson, 504 F.2d 337, 339 (CA 8, 1974), and United States v Norton, 504 F.2d 342, 344 (CA 8, 1974). See also Ross, supra, p 238; 349 F.2d p 215, and Woody v United States, supra, p 194; 370 F.2d p 216. "[T]he concern of the Due Process Clause is erosion of the accused's capability to muster his response to the charges." United States v Parish, 152 US App DC 72, 76; 468 F.2d 1129, 1133 (1972), cert den, 410 U.S. 957; 93 S Ct 1430; 35 L Ed 2d 690 (1973).
In United States v Feinberg, 383 F.2d 60, 65-66 (CA 2, 1967), the Court wrote:
"[I]t may well be that pre-arrest delay may impair the capacity of the accused to prepare his defense, and, if so, such impairment may raise a due process claim under the Fifth Amendment, see Powell v United States, 122 US App DC 229; 352 F.2d 705, 707 (1965), or a Sixth Amendment claim based upon the speedy trial guarantee, see United States v Simmons, 338 F.2d 804, 806 (CA 2, 1964); United States v Dickerson, 347 F.2d 783, 784 (CA 2, 1965). See also Chapman v United States, 376 F.2d 705 (CA 2, 1967). For this reason we must inquire whether there is a plausible claim of prejudice resulting from the delay in arrest. See Jackson v United States, 122 US App DC 124; 351 F.2d 821, 823 (1965). Such a claim may arise if a key defense witness or valuable evidence is lost, see Petition of Provoo, 17 FRD 183, 203 (D Md), aff'd per curiam, 350 U.S. 857; 76 S Ct 101; 100 L Ed 761 (1955), if the defendant is unable credibly to reconstruct the events of the day of the offense, see Jackson v United States, supra, 351 F.2d at 823, or if the personal recollections of the government or defense witnesses are impaired, Ross v United States, 121 US App DC 233; 349 F.2d 210, 213-214 (1965), because if any of these events occur the reliability of the proceedings for the purpose of determining guilt becomes suspect."
The trial court found that defendant had not been prejudiced in that he presented alibi witnesses at trial. At the hearing the trial judge listened to several witnesses presented by defendant. The court stated:
"With the exception of the testimony of defendant's sister, this court finds that the testimony of the other witnesses for the defendant was so incredible, as to be totally unworthy of belief; and that, in any event, the testimony of any additional alibi witness would have been cumulative at the very best."
A review of the record of that hearing reveals that the questions asked these witnesses largely related to (1) whether they could remember the evening upon which the offense occurred and (2) whether there had been any discussion among the family as to defendant's situation. The witnesses answered largely vaguely as to the first and no as to the second.
It had been years since the evening in question and it is not an untoward response to conclude that the witnesses could simply not remember the evening. Further, whether there had been any discussion among the family is irrelevant. The finding that the additional alibi witnesses would have been cumulative at the very best is not controlling. The memories of both the people's and defense's witnesses had dimmed over the years. As the prosecution witnesses' memories dimmed, inconsistencies in their testimonies were less likely to be pointed out as fewer and fewer details could be remembered.
It is not surprising that defendant's witnesses also were less able to recall details of the evening in question; this being so, their explanations of defendant's presence with them became less believable because they were unable to recall specifics which might have given credence to their statements that defendant was present with them. Just this argument was made by the prosecutor to the jury, i.e., as to who was most believable — those who remembered defendant robbing the store or those who claimed he was at an anniversary party but remembered no details thereof. It is particularly true that defendant was prejudiced by this as the case was based upon eyewitnesses who had identified the defendant. In United States v Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 228; 87 S Ct 1926, 1933; 18 L Ed 2d 1149, 1158 (1967), the Court said: "[T]he vagaries of eyewitness identification are well-known; the annals of criminal law are rife with instances of mistaken identification." Also see People v Anderson, 389 Mich. 155, 173; 205 N.W.2d 461, 469 (1973).
It is interesting to note that the defendant has raised the same issue before the district judge, the circuit judge, the presiding judge, and in this appeal. The district court, while holding that it was unable to entertain defendant's motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction, found that the cause of the delay was nothing more than negligence and that defendant had been prejudiced on the basis, inter alia, that his alibi witnesses would not be as credible as they would have been had they promptly testified, that one witness had passed away, that another could not remember the circumstances, and that defendant was deprived of the ability to cross-examine prosecution witnesses due to their dimmed memory. That court stated that it was certain defendant had been prejudiced by the delay.
This writer is unable to conclude that the trial judge used the proper balancing test between the reasonableness of the delay and the prejudice to the defendant. The reliability of these proceedings to determine guilt is suspect.
There are further reasons why this writer is unable to agree with the majority in this case. Manifest among these is the fact that there were other issues presented in this appeal which were not dealt with in the first opinion, not the least of which is a question as to the possible abuse of discretion in the denial of a motion for continuance made by defendant.
Defendant had agreed to an advancement of trial date. Thereafter, he came before the presiding judge with a motion for continuance based upon the fact that certain of his prospective alibi witnesses were out of the country and his wife was in Ohio. Without specifically clarifying the reasons therefor, this motion was denied. Apparently the reasons surrounded a finding of cumulativeness of testimony of the alibi witnesses and the possibility that the preliminary examination testimony of defendant's wife could be introduced at trial. In People v Harrison, 44 Mich. App. 578, 590; 205 N.W.2d 900, 908 (1973), the Court wrote:
"At the trial level, prosecutorial claims of cumulativeness should be viewed with a jaundiced eye; on appeal, this Court will carefully scrutinize the lower court's ruling when it results in excusing the people from calling one whom they have a duty to produce as a witness, where, as here, defendant has made timely objection. We therefore reject the claim that the five witnesses whose endorsement defendant sought would have been cumulative."
Under the facts in this case, after so long a time, fairness should have mandated that certain liberality be extended to defendant in order that he might be able to make a viable defense.
In People v Charles O Williams, 386 Mich. 565, 575; 194 N.W.2d 337, 341-342 (1972), the Supreme Court quoted from Ungar v Sarafite, 376 U.S. 575, 589; 84 S Ct 841; 11 L Ed 2d 921 (1964), thusly:
"`The matter of continuance is traditionally within the discretion of the trial judge, and it is not every denial of a request for more time that violates due process even if the party fails to offer evidence or is compelled to defend without counsel. Avery v Alabama, 308 U.S. 444; 60 S Ct 321; 84 L Ed 377 (1940). Contrariwise, a myopic insistence upon expeditiousness in the face of a justifiable request for delay can render the right to defend with counsel an empty formality. Chandler v Fretag, 348 U.S. 3; 75 S Ct 1; 99 L Ed 3 (1954). There are no mechanical tests for deciding when a denial of a continuance is so arbitrary as to violate due process. The answer must be found in the circumstances present in every case, particularly in the reasons presented to the trial judge at the time the request is denied. Nilva v United States, 352 U.S. 385; 77 S Ct 431; 1 L Ed 2d 415 (1957).' (Emphasis added.)"
The Court went on to say, at 577; 194 N.W.2d 342, that: "[T]he desire of the trial courts to expedite court dockets is not a sufficient reason to deny an otherwise proper request for a continuance". Thereafter, is found a four-pronged approach as to the propriety of a motion for continuance: (1) whether the defendant asserted a constitutional right; (2) whether he had a legitimate reason for asserting this right; (3) whether he was guilty of negligence; and, (4) whether defendant had caused the trial to be adjourned before.
In this case, (1) defendant was asserting his constitutional right to present witnesses and evidence in his own behalf, i.e., rights to a fair trial and due process of law; (2) there was a legitimate reason for asserting this right, viz., an inability to procure the attendance of individuals defendant considered as vital witnesses; (3) there was no negligence on the part of defendant in asserting this right, as he asked for the continuance before trial, having realized the unattainability of the witnesses; and, (4) defendant had not attempted to delay the judicial process, in fact he had agreed to an advancement of the trial date of some ten days and had not previously asked for a continuance. The advancement agreement in and of itself should have tipped the scales in favor of allowance of the continuance, particularly when coupled with the extreme delay in bringing defendant to trial. This writer would find the denial of this motion an abuse of discretion. This is particularly so as the preliminary examination testimony of defendant's wife was not allowed into evidence at trial.
"Essential fairness is a fundamental due process requirement in criminal prosecutions, and untoward delay in notifying the accused of the charges to be pressed breeds unfairness by adversely affecting the preparation and presentation of his defense." United States v Parish, 152 US App DC 72, 76; 468 F.2d 1129, 1133 (1972), cert den, 410 U.S. 957; 93 S Ct 1430; 35 L Ed 2d 690 (1973).
Moreover, the use of the composite report of the police was inappropriate. No viable reason for the loss of the notes of the individual officers taken at the scene was offered. The explanation that it was normal procedure to throw away the notes is untenable. See People v Poe, 388 Mich. 611, 620; 202 N.W.2d 320, 324 (1972), and People v Rosborough, 387 Mich. 183, 194-195; 195 N.W.2d 255, 261 (1972). This is more clearly true as there was discrepancy in the initial description of the assailant, e.g., whether he was black or white, tall or short, in the 150-160 pound class or 200 pounds as was defendant, and whether he was 35-40 years of age or 50 as was defendant. Defendant's cross-examination of the officers and secondary questioning as to the propriety of the narrowing of the investigation to the point where defendant's pictures were shown was severely hindered.
Previously, we noted that the prosecution in this case "bears a very heavy burden of justification". People v Fiorini, 53 Mich. App. 389, 396; 220 N.W.2d 70, 73 (1974). This writer fails to see that that burden has been met.
"[A] delay of 43 months in this case requires an appropriate explanation. The prosecution having not explained the delay, * * * and it appearing that defendant has shown that he has been prejudiced, * * * " (Id. at 398; 220 N.W.2d at 74).
therefore, the defendant's conviction should be reversed, and this writer so votes. In the event that this case is appealed to and accepted by the Supreme Court, and it is determined that the original opinion is incorrect, then this writer would respectfully suggest that the Supreme Court consider the right of defendant to a new trial.