Opinion
2014-06-17
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Andre ENGLISH, Defendant–Appellant.
Steven Banks, The Legal Aid Society, New York (Anden Chow of counsel), for appellant. Cyrus R. Vance, Jr., District Attorney, New York (Susan Axelrod of counsel), for respondent.
Steven Banks, The Legal Aid Society, New York (Anden Chow of counsel), for appellant. Cyrus R. Vance, Jr., District Attorney, New York (Susan Axelrod of counsel), for respondent.
SWEENY, J.P., RENWICK, ANDRIAS, RICHTER, KAPNICK, JJ.
Judgment, Supreme Court, New York County (Charles H. Solomon, J. at suppression hearing; Jill Konviser, J. at jury trial and sentencing), rendered May 9, 2011, as amended June 3, 2011, convicting defendant of robbery in the second degree (two counts) and assault in the second degree, and sentencing him to concurrent terms of five years, unanimously affirmed.
The verdict was based on legally sufficient evidence and was not against the weight of the evidence ( see People v. Danielson, 9 N.Y.3d 342, 348–349, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1 [2007] ). There is no basis for disturbing the jury's determinations concerning identification and credibility. The victim and an eyewitness made reliable identifications within minutes of the robbery. In addition, one of the items taken in the robbery was a $100 bill, and before any questioning, and under circumstances from which the jury could infer consciousness of guilt, defendant volunteered to the police that he did not have $100.
The evidence also established physical injury and use of a dangerous instrument, which were elements of certain counts ( seePenal Law §§ 120.05[2], 160.10[2][a] ). The jury could have reasonably inferred that the victim sustained an injury to his ear, as well as other injuries, each of which caused substantial pain ( seePenal Law § 10.00[9]; People v. Chiddick, 8 N.Y.3d 445, 447, 834 N.Y.S.2d 710, 866 N.E.2d 1039 [2007];People v. Guidice, 83 N.Y.2d 630, 636, 612 N.Y.S.2d 350, 634 N.E.2d 951 [1994];People v. Rojas, 61 N.Y.2d 726, 472 N.Y.S.2d 615, 460 N.E.2d 1100 [1984] ), and that some of these injuries were caused by means of a dangerous instrument, namely, the boots worn by defendant and two of his codefendants when they kicked the fallen victim.
The court properly denied defendant's motion to suppress his statement about not having $100. At about 4:00 a.m., roughly one minute after receiving a broadcast of a robbery in progress, officers arrived on the scene and found a man who could not communicate in English frantically pointing to a building. When defendant and a codefendant came out of the building a moment later, the police had, at least, a founded suspicion of criminality justifying a common-law inquiry to determine whether these men were involved in the crime. A nonverbal communication may be “a significant factor justifying police action” ( People v. Rosa, 67 A.D.3d 440, 440, 889 N.Y.S.2d 140 [1st Dept.2009],lv. denied14 N.Y.3d 773, 898 N.Y.S.2d 105, 925 N.E.2d 110 [2010] ), and here, under the totality of the circumstances, there was at least enough for a level-two inquiry. At the time defendant made the statement at issue, he had not been subjected to any police intrusion beyond a direction to stop, which did not constitute a seizure ( see People v. Bora, 83 N.Y.2d 531, 531–535, 611 N.Y.S.2d 796, 634 N.E.2d 168 [1994];People v. Francois, 61 A.D.3d 524, 525, 877 N.Y.S.2d 54 [1st Dept.2009],affd.14 N.Y.3d 732, 896 N.Y.S.2d 300, 923 N.E.2d 583 [2010] ).