Opinion
2012-11-16
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Carlos DIAZ, Defendant–Appellant.
Timothy P. Donaher, Public Defender, Rochester (James Eckert Of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant. Sandra Doorley, District Attorney, Rochester (Nancy Gilligan Of Counsel), for Respondent.
Timothy P. Donaher, Public Defender, Rochester (James Eckert Of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant. Sandra Doorley, District Attorney, Rochester (Nancy Gilligan Of Counsel), for Respondent.
PRESENT: CENTRA, J.P., FAHEY, PERADOTTO, CARNI, AND SCONIERS, JJ.
MEMORANDUM:
Defendant appeals from an order determining that he is a level three risk under the Sex Offender Registration Act (Correction Law § 168 et seq.). Although the risk assessment instrument (RAI) assessed defendant as a level two risk, the Board of Examiners of Sex Offenders recommended an upward departure based on the pattern of defendant's sexual offenses and his diagnosis of schizophrenia. County Court concluded that an upward departure was warranted and thus determined that defendant is a level three risk. That was error.
“A court may make an upward departure from a presumptive risk level when, after consideration of the indicated factors[,] ... [the court determines that] there exists an aggravating ... factor of a kind, or to a degree, not otherwise adequately taken into account by the [risk assessment] guidelines” ( People v. Abraham, 39 A.D.3d 1208, 1209, 834 N.Y.S.2d 413 [internal quotation marks omitted]; see People v. Grady, 81 A.D.3d 1464, 1464, 917 N.Y.S.2d 798). Here, the court erred by basing its upward departure on factors already taken into account by the RAI, i.e., the short period of time between defendant's offenses and defendant's pattern of touching the victims under their clothing, targeting strangers and using forcible compulsion. Additionally, the court erred in relying on defendant's alleged mental illness to justify the upward departure inasmuch as the record contains no admissible evidence that defendant in fact suffers from a mental illness, and the record is devoid of evidence that the alleged mental illness is “ ‘causally related to any risk of reoffense’ ” ( People v. Perkins, 35 A.D.3d 1167, 1168, 826 N.Y.S.2d 875;see Grady, 81 A.D.3d at 1465, 917 N.Y.S.2d 798;see generallyCorrection Law § 168–n[3]; People v. Hayward, 52 A.D.3d 1243, 1244, 860 N.Y.S.2d 344). Thus, we conclude that defendant is properly classified as a level two risk ( see Perkins, 35 A.D.3d at 1168, 826 N.Y.S.2d 875), and we therefore modify the order accordingly.
It is hereby ORDERED that the order so appealed from is modified on the law by determining that defendant is a level two risk pursuant to the Sex Offender Registration Act and as modified the order is affirmed without costs.
All concur except FAHEY, J., who dissents and votes to affirm in the following Memorandum:
I respectfully dissent and would affirm. Here, County Court determined that defendant was a level three risk based upon two prior sexual offenses committed by him. The first of defendant's sexual offenses occurred when he was in an inpatient psychiatric unit. Defendant pushed his victim, a social worker, into a restroom and touched her buttocks and vaginal areas. The second sexual offense also involved defendant's use of aggression against his victim. In that incident, defendant followed a woman who was a stranger to him into a building and onto an elevator. When the woman exited the elevator with defendant, he told her that he needed a hug. The woman refused, and defendant then pinned her against a wall, pulled up her dress, and touched her vagina and anus under her clothing.
Shortly before defendant's release from incarceration, the Board of Examiners of Sex Offenders (Board) prepared a risk assessment instrument (RAI), wherein it assigned defendant points under the following risk factors: 1 (use of violence [forcible compulsion] ); 2 (sexual contact with victim [under clothing] ); 7 (relationship with victim [stranger] ); 8 (age of first sexual misconduct 20 or less); 9 (number of prior crimes [prior violent felony or misdemeanor sex crime] ); 10 (recency of prior offense less than three years); and 11 (drug or alcohol abuse [history of abuse] ). The Board determined that defendant had a risk assessment score of 105 points, which placed him at the high end of the range for a level two risk pursuant to the Sex Offender Registration Act ( [SORA] Correction Law § 168 et seq.). The Board, however, recommended an upward departure from the presumptive risk level based on the pattern of defendant's sexual offenses, his diagnosis of schizophrenia, and his history of marihuana abuse. Relying on the Board's case summary, the court determined that defendant is a level three risk based on defendant's conviction of “forcibly sexually abusing two women who were strangers to him,” his “diagnosis of a serious mental disorder and [his] history of abuse of marijuana.”
“A court may make an upward departure from a presumptive risk level when, after consideration of the indicated factors ... [,] there exists an aggravating ... factor of a kind, or to a degree, not otherwise adequately taken into account by the [risk assessment] guidelines” ( People v. Hueber, 81 A.D.3d 1466, 1467, 916 N.Y.S.2d 727,lv. denied17 N.Y.3d 701, 2011 WL 2150120,cert. denied––– U.S. ––––, 132 S.Ct. 294, 181 L.Ed.2d 178 [internal quotation marks omitted] ). “ ‘The People bear the burden of establishing the appropriate risk level classification by clear and convincing evidence [and][s]uch evidence may consist of reliable hearsay including, among other things, the presentence investigation report, [RAI] and case summary’ ” ( People v. McFall, 93 A.D.3d 962, 963, 939 N.Y.S.2d 723;seeCorrection Law § 168–n[3]; People v. Pettigrew, 14 N.Y.3d 406, 409, 901 N.Y.S.2d 569, 927 N.E.2d 1053).
Here, the People met their burden of establishing that an aggravating factor not accounted for in the RAI existed, warranting an upward departure from the presumptive risk level. Although the court relied upon factors accounted for in the RAI, i.e., defendant's drug abuse, use of forcible compulsion and his targeting of strangers, as a basis for the upward departure, the court also relied on a factor not accounted for in the RAI, i.e., defendant's serious mental disorder. In my view, that factor supports the court's determination to make an upward departure. There should be no dispute that schizophrenia is marked by a breakdown of thought processes and poor emotional responses and typically manifests itself in disorganized thinking and social dysfunction. That disorder, coupled with the nature of defendant's attacks—he appears to struggle with social boundaries and is prone to preying on women who are alone—compels the conclusion that defendant should be subjected to greater scrutiny so long as he is free within the community.
Finally, I cannot agree with the majority that the record does not support the conclusion that defendant's significant mental disorder is causally related to his risk of reoffense. While there is no requirement that the unsigned case summary to which the majority refers always be credited, it “meet [s] the ‘reliable hearsay’ standard for admissibility at SORA proceedings” and thus was properly considered by the court ( People v. Mingo, 12 N.Y.3d 563, 573, 883 N.Y.S.2d 154, 910 N.E.2d 983;see Pettigrew, 14 N.Y.3d at 408–409, 901 N.Y.S.2d 569, 927 N.E.2d 1053). In my view, the connection between defendant's schizophrenia and his risk of reoffending implied in the case summary is neither unduly speculative nor undermined by other more compelling evidence ( cf. Mingo, 12 N.Y.3d at 572–573, 883 N.Y.S.2d 154, 910 N.E.2d 983). I would thus affirm.