Summary
In Cress the defendant filed a second section 1172.6 petition while an order denying his first such petition was on appeal.
Summary of this case from People v. ArmendarizOpinion
E079484
01-09-2023
The PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Robert William CRESS, Defendant and Appellant.
Mark D. Johnson, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant. Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Charles C. Ragland, Senior Assistant Attorney General, and A. Natasha Cortina and Stephanie A. Mitchell, Deputy Attorney General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Mark D. Johnson, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Charles C. Ragland, Senior Assistant Attorney General, and A. Natasha Cortina and Stephanie A. Mitchell, Deputy Attorney General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
OPINION
RAMIREZ, P. J. While an order denying his Penal Code section 1172.6 petition was on appeal, Robert William Cress filed a second section 1172.6 petition. The trial court dismissed the second petition. We will hold that, if that was error at all, the error was not jurisdictional. Moreover, it was both invited and harmless, and therefore not reversible.
All further statutory citations are to the Penal Code.
In 2022, former section 1170.95 (enacted by Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 4, amended by Stats. 2021, ch. 551, § 2) was renumbered as section 1172.6, with no change in text. (Stats. 2022, ch. 58, § 10.) We will use section 1172.6, somewhat anachronistically, to refer to whichever one of the two statutes was in effect at the relevant time.
I
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
In 2004, petitioner was convicted of first degree murder. (§§ 187, subd. (a), 189.)
In 2021, he filed a petition to vacate the murder conviction pursuant to section 1172.6. After considering documentary evidence and argument, the trial court found beyond a reasonable doubt that petitioner had the intent to kill when he aided and abetted the murder, and alternatively, that he was a major participant in the underlying felony and acted with reckless indifference to human life. It therefore denied the petition. (See §§ 189, subd. (e)(2), 1172.6, subd. (d)(3).)
On April 1, 2022, petitioner appealed (first appeal). That appeal is fully briefed but undecided.
On June 16, 2022, petitioner filed a new petition to vacate the murder conviction pursuant to section 1172.6.
At a status conference, there was this exchange:
"[THE COURT:] So I think the previous petition [¶] ... [¶] ... is up on appeal which, I think, would be further reason why this petition should be dismissed .... [¶] ... [¶] You agree with me that it would be logical to dismiss the subsequent petition and that the appellate cause has to move forward on the underlying prior petition?
"[PROSECUTOR]: Yes. "THE COURT: [Defense counsel], you agree with that?
"[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Yes, I do.
"THE COURT: All right. This subsequent petition is ordered dismissed in this matter, as it is a subsequent petition on the same facts, and the prior petition's denial is up on appeal."
Petitioner asserts that the petition was "denied." It was not. It was dismissed. We need not decide whether there is any significant difference.
II
DISCUSSION
Petitioner now appeals from the dismissal of his second petition. He argues that, because the first appeal was pending, the trial court had no jurisdiction to dismiss his second petition.
"[W]here there is no statutory exception, ‘ "[t]he filing of a valid notice of appeal vests jurisdiction of the cause in the appellate court until determination of the appeal and issuance of the remittitur" [citation] and deprives the trial court of jurisdiction to make any order affecting the judgment [citation].’ [Citation.]" ( People v. Wagner (2009) 45 Cal.4th 1039, 1061, 90 Cal.Rptr.3d 26, 201 P.3d 1168.)
In People v. Burhop (2021) 65 Cal.App.5th 808, 280 Cal.Rptr.3d 253 ( Burhop ), the trial court denied the petitioner's section 1172.6 petition. ( Id. at pp. 811-812, 280 Cal.Rptr.3d 253.) He appealed. Before we issued our remittitur in that appeal, he filed a new section 1172.6 petition ( id. at p. 812, 280 Cal.Rptr.3d 253 ), and the trial court granted it. ( Id. at pp. 812-813, 280 Cal.Rptr.3d 253.) Thereafter, we did issue our remittitur in the first appeal. ( Id. at p. 811, 280 Cal.Rptr.3d 253.)
The People appealed. (Burhop, supra , 65 Cal.App.5th at p. 813, 280 Cal.Rptr.3d 253.) We reversed. ( Id. at p. 816, 280 Cal.Rptr.3d 253.) We held that, because the first appeal had been pending, the trial's order granting the new petition was "null and void for lack of subject matter jurisdiction." ( Id. at pp. 813-816, 280 Cal.Rptr.3d 253.) We remanded the matter with directions to conduct "further proceedings." ( Id. at p. 816, 280 Cal.Rptr.3d 253.)
Petitioner argues that if a trial court lacks jurisdiction to grant a petition while an appeal is pending, it must also lack jurisdiction to dismiss a petition. This does not follow. The trial court lacked jurisdiction " ‘to make any order affecting the judgment [citation].’ [Citation.]" ( People v. Wagner, supra , 45 Cal.4th at p. 1061, 90 Cal.Rptr.3d 26, 201 P.3d 1168.) The dismissal of the petition did not affect the judgment. "The purpose of the rule divesting the lower court of jurisdiction when an appeal is pending ‘ "is to protect the appellate court's jurisdiction by preserving the status quo until the appeal is decided. The rule prevents the trial court from rendering an appeal futile by altering the appealed judgment ... by conducting other proceedings that may affect it." ’ [Citations]." ( People v. Burhop, supra , 65 Cal.App.5th at p. 814, 280 Cal.Rptr.3d 253.) After a first petition has been denied, granting a second petition, as in Burhop , alters the judgment and changes the status quo. Dismissing the second petition does not.
Petitioner urges that the dismissal must be "vacated," but he does not explain what the trial court should have done instead. Burhop stands for the proposition that the trial court here lacked jurisdiction to grant the second petition. It does not speak to whether it should have dismissed the petition (as it did), denied the petition, stayed the petition, or something else entirely.
We need not decide this question. Given that the trial court had jurisdiction to dismiss, either the dismissal was not error at all or it was not reversible error.
For one thing, defense counsel stipulated that the petition should be dismissed. It is axiomatic that jurisdiction cannot be conferred by consent. ( People v. Burhop, supra , 65 Cal.App.5th at p. 813, 280 Cal.Rptr.3d 253 [" ‘So complete is this loss of jurisdiction effected by the appeal that even the consent of the parties has been held ineffective to reinvest the trial court with jurisdiction’ "].) However, as we have just held, the dismissal, if error at all, was not jurisdictional error. Accordingly, the error was invited. (See generally People v. Holmes, McClain and Newborn (2022) 12 Cal.5th 719, 821-822, 289 Cal.Rptr.3d 582, 503 P.3d 668.)
For another thing, petitioner has not shown that he was prejudiced. As long as the effect of the dismissal was indistinguishable from the effect of a denial or a stay, any error was harmless. The dismissal was plainly without prejudice, as the trial court did not intend it to bar further proceedings on the first petition. Accordingly, if, after the first appeal is decided, petitioner still wants to proceed on his second petition, all he has to do is refile it.
III
DISPOSITION
The order appealed from is affirmed.
We concur:
CODRINGTON, J.
RAPHAEL, J.
RAPHAEL, J., Concurring. I join the opinion. I agree that the trial court had no jurisdiction to rule on defendant and appellant Robert William Cress's second petition filed under Penal Code section 1172.6 while his first petition was pending on appeal.
Much precedent establishes that during a pending direct appeal from a conviction, a trial court is deprived of jurisdiction to make any order affecting the judgment. Far less precedent delineates the scope of trial court divestment when an appeal from a post-judgment motion ruling is pending.
Our decision in People v. Burhop (2021) 65 Cal.App.5th 808, 812, 280 Cal.Rptr.3d 253, held that when a post-judgment motion ruling is appealed, a trial court cannot issue a new ruling on the same motion before the remittitur issues. As far as I can tell, today's is the first Court of Appeal opinion holding that a pending appeal from a post-judgment ruling divests the trial court of jurisdiction to rule on a second motion raising the same claim, though one opinion briefly stated as much. (See People v. Walker (2016) 5 Cal.App.5th 872, 875, fn. 3, 210 Cal.Rptr.3d 202 [ruling on post-judgment motion raising the same claim as on appeal is a "legal nullity"].)
In accord with our ruling, our Supreme Court has long recognized the "general rule that an appeal from an order in a criminal case removes the subject matter of that order from the jurisdiction of the trial court." ( Anderson v. Superior Court (1967) 66 Cal.2d 863, 865, 59 Cal.Rptr. 426, 428 P.2d 290.) In one case, People v. Murphy (1969) 70 Cal.2d 109, 116-117, 74 Cal.Rptr. 65, 448 P.2d 945, the Supreme Court applied that rule in holding that the trial court "correctly took no action" on a criminal defendant's motion that raised an issue already being considered on appeal from an earlier order. Our holding today follows similar reasoning. In contrast, it may well be that while a ruling on a post-judgment motion is on appeal, a trial court can assume jurisdiction over a challenge to the conviction based on a different claim under a different statutory provision. (See People v. Buford (2016) 4 Cal.App.5th 886, 905, fn. 23, 209 Cal.Rptr.3d 593.)
It made sense for the trial court to dismiss Cress's second effort at the same post-judgment claim pending on appeal. In the ordinary course, there will never be an opportunity to adjudicate it. Cress had a full evidentiary hearing on his first section 1172.6 petition, which raised the only claim available under that provision, that his murder conviction was rendered invalid by the legislature's retroactive changes to the murder laws. If that claim is resolved on appeal, then that determination is law of the case and may not be re-litigated. ( People v. Stanley (1995) 10 Cal.4th 764, 786, 42 Cal.Rptr.2d 543, 897 P.2d 481.) If the claim is remanded for further proceedings in the trial court, then a second petition is also superfluous. Not only did the trial court lack jurisdiction over the petition at the time , but there is no reason to expect the trial court will ever be able to do anything but dismiss or deny it. If a change in the law or other circumstance that justifies re-litigation develops, then a second petition could be warranted.