Opinion
Docket No. 21244.
Decided November 24, 1975. Leave to appeal denied.
Appeal from Recorder's Court of Detroit, Henry Heading, J. Submitted October 15, 1975, at Detroit. (Docket No. 21244.) Decided November 24, 1975. Leave to appeal denied, 396 Mich. 835.
James W. Cousins was convicted of armed robbery. Defendant appeals. Affirmed.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Patricia J. Boyle, Principal Attorney, Research, Training and Appeals, and Ronald P. Weitzman, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Carl Ziemba, for defendant on appeal.
Before: V.J. BRENNAN, P.J., and BASHARA and R.M. MAHER, JJ.
Defendant, James Williams Cousins, was convicted by a jury of armed robbery, MCLA 750.529; MSA 28.797, and appeals.
The defendant raises three issues on appeal. First, defendant argues that the trial judge erred at the close of the Walker hearing by failing to expressly find that the confession was voluntary before admitting it into evidence. At the conclusion of the Walker hearing defense counsel moved to exclude the confession as involuntary, while the prosecutor moved to admit it as voluntarily given. The trial judge ruled, "I am going to admit the statement".
Defendant relies on Sims v Georgia, 385 U.S. 538; 87 S Ct 639; 17 L Ed 2d 593 (1967), and United States v Goss, 484 F.2d 434 (CA 6, 1973), in support of his position. In United States v Goss, supra, at the close of a Walker-type hearing the defendant moved to suppress a confession as involuntary. The trial judge replied, "The motion is overruled". He then admitted the confession into evidence without further statement. The Court in United States v Goss, supra, 436-437, quoting Sims v Georgia, supra, 385 U.S. 544; 87 S Ct 643; 17 L Ed 2d 598, stated:
"`Although the judge need not make formal findings of fact or write an opinion, his conclusion that the confession is voluntary must appear from the record with unmistakable clarity. Here there has been absolutely no ruling on that issue and it is therefore impossible to know whether the judge thought the confession voluntary.'"
The Goss court then held that the trial judge failed to make an adequate finding on whether or not the confession was voluntary.
We believe that Goss improperly applied Sims to its factual situation. In Sims v Georgia, supra, the record disclosed that the trial judge failed to rule on the voluntariness of a confession. It further appeared that the trial judge was following Georgia law which required the state to make out a prima facie case that the confession was voluntary. The issue was then submitted to the jury for a final determination. The record clearly indicated the trial judge improperly left the issue of voluntariness to the jury.
In Michigan the trial judge must determine at a hearing outside of the presence of the jury whether the confession was voluntarily made. People v Walker (On Rehearing), 374 Mich. 331; 132 N.W.2d 87 (1965). When the trial judge ruled, "I am going to admit the statement", the record disclosed with unmistakable clarity that he had found the confession voluntary. We hold that when the trial judge indicates after a Walker hearing that he is going to admit the statement into evidence, he is with unmistakable clarity finding the confession voluntary.
Defendant next argues that the trial judge reversibly erred in allowing a police officer to read into evidence defendant's confession which had been reduced to a writing and signed by the defendant. The statement was offered as substantive proof of guilt and was admissable under the hearsay exception of admissions of a party. People v Livingston, 57 Mich. App. 726, 731-732; 226 N.W.2d 704 (1975).
The prosecutor should have laid a foundation for the reading of the memorandum under past recollection recorded. Jaxon v Detroit Department of Street Railways, 379 Mich. 405, 413; 151 N.W.2d 813 (1967), People v Turner, 59 Mich. App. 589, 595; 229 N.W.2d 861 (1975). However, no objection was made and our review is limited to whether there was a miscarriage of justice. MCLA 769.26; MSA 28.1096. There was no miscarriage of justice because on objection a proper foundation for the admission of the memorandum could have been laid.
Finally, defendant argues that the trial judge erred in instructing the jury that "it is presumed that a reasonable being intends the ordinary, natural consequences of his or her voluntary act or acts". The jury instructions must be considered as a whole. People v Williams, 208 Mich. 586, 591; 175 N.W. 187 (1919). The instruction taken as a whole properly informed the jury that the reference to the word "presume" was in reality a permissive inference. People v Rivera, 61 Mich. App. 427; 232 N.W.2d 727 (1975), People v Jordan, 51 Mich. App. 710; 216 N.W.2d 71 (1974).
Affirmed.