Opinion
E054307
2013-03-26
The PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Victoria Samantha COOK, Defendant and Appellant.
See 3 Witkin & Epstein, Cal. Criminal Law (4th ed. 2012) Punishment, § 350. APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Dennis A. McConaghy, Judge. Affirmed in part, reversed in part. (Super.Ct. No. SWF10000834)
See3 Witkin & Epstein, Cal. Criminal Law (4th ed. 2012) Punishment, § 350. APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Dennis A. McConaghy, Judge. Affirmed in part, reversed in part. (Super.Ct. No. SWF10000834) Thomas K. Macomber, Riverside, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Steven T. Oetting and Tami Falkenstein Hennick, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
OPINION
MILLER, J.
Defendant and appellant Victoria Samantha Cook pled guilty to the misdemeanor offense of driving with a suspended license (count 4—Vehicle Code, § 14601.1, subd. (a)). Thereafter, a jury convicted defendant of three counts of gross vehicular manslaughter for the respective deaths of Zaria Williams (Williams), Christine Giambra (Giambra), and Cedric Page (Page) (counts 1–3—Pen. Code, § 192, subd. (c)(1)). The jury additionally found true three allegations attached to the count 1 offense that defendant had personally inflicted great bodily injury upon Giambra, Page, and Robert Valentine (Valentine) ( Pen.Code, § 12022.7, subd. (a)). The court sentenced defendant to an aggregate term of incarceration of nine years, eight months, striking punishment for the enhancements as to Giambra and Page, but imposing a three-year consecutive term for the enhancement as to Valentine.
All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.
On appeal, defendant makes four assignments of error: (1) the court erred in excluding evidence of the victims' propensity for reckless driving as a potential defense of legal necessity; (2) the People committed prejudicial prosecutorial misconduct in ostensibly alluding to the pristine driving records of the victims and witnesses; (3) the section 12022.7 enhancements must be reversed because the statute explicitly forbids its application to cases of manslaughter; and (4) the trial court abused its discretion by denying defendant's request for release of juror information. We reverse the true findings on the section 12022.7, subdivision (a) enhancements with respect to victims Giambra and Page. In all other respects, we affirm the judgment.
The jury found not true an allegation attached to count 1 that defendant had personally inflicted great bodily injury against Danyell Rivera (Rivera).
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Austin Welch (Welch) testified that on June 2, 2009, he was driving home eastbound on Highway 74 from work. He witnessed the driver of a charcoal gray Ford Fusion, later determined to be defendant, driving erratically. Traffic slowed in the right lane, in which defendant was traveling; defendant then pulled out abruptly into the fast lane in front of a silver Audi whose driver, later identified as victim Page, was forced to slam on his brakes.
Defendant immediately sped up as Page slowed to allow space between the two cars. Defendant later changed back into the slow lane. As traffic slowed in that lane, defendant once again changed lanes back into the fast lane without signaling, cutting Page off and forcing Page to slam on the brakes and swerve to avoid hitting defendant's car. Defendant was driving “very fast” and “swerved pretty hard.”
Both drivers then sped up quickly. Page came so close to the rear of defendant's vehicle that Welch could not see a gap between them. Without signaling, defendant once again changed lanes into the slow lane in front of Welch's vehicle, where there was insufficient space to fit; defendant's vehicle collided with Welch's. This caused defendant's vehicle to fishtail, dart across lanes, and eventually come to rest in a field on the side of the road.
Welch thereafter witnessed a Mitsubishi SUV launch into the air. Afterward, Welch was able to see that Page's Audi and the Mitsubishi had been involved in a head-on collision. A white Nissan Altima (driven by Rivera) then rear-ended the Mitsubishi. Rivera suffered a dislocated elbow. The driver of the Mitsubishi, Valentine, was “screaming for his life” and had blood coming out of his mouth. Deputy Coroner Kathleen Cohen testified Page, Giambra, and Williams were already dead when she arrived at the scene of the accident.
CHP Officer David Kling was dispatched to investigate the collision. He interviewed a number of the drivers and witnesses to the accident. He requested help from the Multi Disciplinary Accident Investigation Team (MAIT) which is made up of “specialized officers who do accident reconstruction and very specialized investigation into complex accidents.” Together they gathered evidence from the scene, and surveillance video from a nearby convenience store and a bus traveling nearby at the time of the accident.
Officer Kling and MAIT Officer Scott Parent concluded defendant was the primary cause of the collision because of her unsafe lane change. They determined the sequence of events to have begun when defendant's vehicle collided with Welch's, causing her to swerve left, colliding with Page's vehicle and forcing it into oncoming traffic. Page's vehicle thereafter collided head-on with Valentine's. Rivera braked to avoid hitting Valentine's vehicle; however, she grazed Valentine's Mitsubishi and hit Page's Audi.
The People played the video recordings from the convenience store and bus during trial. Juanita Solt (Solt), who was traveling eastbound on Highway 74 at the time of the accident, testified she saw a black Acura driving aggressively, tailgating vehicles, honking its horn, swerving in and out of lanes, and eventually traveling into defendant's lane forcing defendant into the slow lane and Page's vehicle. Officer Kling testified he had determined that Solt had not actually witnessed the accident because the video showed her coming through the scene 13 to 14 seconds after the vehicles involved, which contradicted her statement that she was right behind the vehicles involved. None of the other witnesses described seeing the black vehicle reported by Solt. Officer Kling did not find any black paint transfer on any of the cars involved in the collision.
Defendant testified she was followed by a black car, but conceded she could have been “persuaded” by Solt's description of the vehicle immediately after the accident.
DISCUSSION
A.–B. C. SECTION 12022.7 ENHANCEMENTS
See footnote *, ante.
Defendant contends all three section 12022.7, subdivision (a) enhancements should be reversed because section 12022.7, subdivision (g) prohibits applicability of the statute to manslaughter cases. We agree that section 12022.7, subdivision (g) prohibits imposition of the enhancement relative to any victim in a case in which the defendant has been convicted for manslaughter as to that victim. Thus, we reverse the true findings on the section 12022.7, subdivision (a) enhancements with respect to victims Giambra and Page. However, we disagree with defendant that section 12022.7, subdivision (g) prohibits imposition of the enhancement with respect to a victim who is not the subject of a defendant's manslaughter conviction. Thus, we affirm imposition of judgment on the enhancement with respect to victim Valentine.
Section 12022.7, subdivision (a) provides: “Any person who personally inflicts great bodily injury on any person other than an accomplice in the commission of a felony or attempted felony shall be punished by an additional and consecutive term of imprisonment in the state prison for three years.” However, section 12022.7, subdivision (g) prohibits applicability of the statute to “murder or manslaughter....” “Statutory interpretation is a question of law that we review de novo. [Citation.]” (Bruns v. E – Commerce Exchange, Inc. (2011) 51 Cal.4th 717, 724, 122 Cal.Rptr.3d 331, 248 P.3d 1185.)
Defendant primarily exposits People v. Beltran (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 693, 98 Cal.Rptr.2d 730 in support of her contention. In Beltran, the defendant fled the police, threw cocaine out the window, ran a stop sign, and collided with the victims' vehicle. The driver of the other car died and the passenger sustained injuries. A jury convicted the defendant of felony evasion and found true two section 12022.7, subdivision (a) enhancements that he had caused great bodily injury on the victims. The jury also convicted the defendant of vehicular manslaughter with respect to the driver. The trial court imposed sentence on both substantive counts and both enhancements. (Id. at p. 695, 98 Cal.Rptr.2d 730.) The appellate court, relying exclusively on the language of section 12022.7, subdivision (g), reversed the judgment to the extent it imposed the great bodily injury enhancements.
In People v. Verlinde (2002) 100 Cal.App.4th 1146, 123 Cal.Rptr.2d 322 ( Verlinde ), the defendant rear-ended a flatbed truck in the emergency lane of the freeway, killing one of her own passengers and injuring the other two. (Id. at pp. 1155–1157, 123 Cal.Rptr.2d 322.) The defendant was convicted of gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated; vehicular manslaughter without gross negligence; driving under the influence while causing injury to two victims; and driving with a blood alcohol content of over .08 and causing injury to two victims. The jury also found defendant personally inflicted great bodily injury on two victims within the meaning of section 12022.7, subdivision (a) on all counts. The trial court imposed sentence on the gross vehicular manslaughter count and imposed consecutive terms for the section 12022.7, subdivision (a) enhancements, but stayed imposition of sentence on the remaining counts and enhancements pursuant to section 654. (Verlinde, at p. 1154, 123 Cal.Rptr.2d 322.)
On appeal, the defendant maintained the section 12022.7, subdivision (a) enhancements should be stricken for several reasons. The appellate court agreed that the enhancement as to one of the victims should be reversed because the victim “was a potential accomplice of the charged crimes, and the trial court erred in not giving accomplice witness instructions. Moreover, the trial court, in instructing on the great bodily injury enhancement, failed to inform the jury that injury to an accomplice is not subject to enhanced punishment [.]” ( Verlinde, supra, 100 Cal.App.4th at p. 1167, 123 Cal.Rptr.2d 322.) However, as to the other victim, the court held that “The language of section 12022.7, subdivision (g) does not limit application of the statute to this vehicular manslaughter case where, in addition to the homicide victim, two other victims suffered great bodily injury.” (Id. at p. 1168, 123 Cal.Rptr.2d 322.) It reasoned that the statutory exemption operated to bar imposition of an enhancement for “the injuries inflicted on the homicide victim, who obviously has suffered great bodily injury.” ( Ibid.) Nonetheless, it would not limit imposition of the enhancement to other victims who were not the subject of the manslaughter conviction. Thus, it affirmed imposition of judgment on the enhancement as to the other victim. (Id. at pp. 1168–1169, 123 Cal.Rptr.2d 322.)
In People v. Weaver (2007) 149 Cal.App.4th 1301, 58 Cal.Rptr.3d 18 ( Weaver ), the defendant pled guilty to one count of gross vehicular manslaughter while intoxicated, and admitted an allegation she personally inflicted great bodily injury on another person in her commission of that offense. (Id. at p. 1307, 58 Cal.Rptr.3d 18.) Defendant challenged imposition of judgment on the enhancement based on the language of section 12022.7, subdivision (g). The appellate court, relying partially on Verlinde, held that “a section 12022.7, subdivision (a) enhancement may apply to a victim-specific offense ... even when the ostensible victim of that offense was not, for purposes of section 12022.7, subdivision (a), the person on whom the defendant personally inflicted great bodily injury in the commission of that offense.” (Weaver, at p. 1335, 58 Cal.Rptr.3d 18.) In other words, even though the gross vehicular manslaughter count was specific to the deceased victim, the court could properly impose judgment on a section 12022.7, subdivision (a) enhancement attached to that count even if it involved another victim. (Weaver, at p. 1335, 58 Cal.Rptr.3d 18.)
The court determined, “There is no logical reason to preclude application of section 12022.7, subdivision (a) when a defendant personally inflicts great bodily injury on persons other than the victim of a ‘victim-specific’ offense, but to allow its application when those other persons were injured in the commission of a ‘non-victim-specific’ offense.” (Weaver, supra, 149 Cal.App.4th at p. 1330, 58 Cal.Rptr.3d 18.) Further, it noted, “it is generally appropriate that a defendant be subject to greater punishment for committing an offense if his or her commission of that offense causes injuries to multiple persons. [Citations.] It is consistent with our criminal justice system to impose greater punishment on [the defendant] for the great bodily injuries she personally inflicted on [victim 2] during her commission of the section 191.5, subdivision (a) offense that caused [victim 1's] death.” (Id. at p. 1331, 58 Cal.Rptr.3d 18.) The Weaver court criticized People v. Beltran, supra, for summarily concluding section 12022.7 enhancements could not apply to any vehicular manslaughter offenses regardless of injuries sustained by victims other than the deceased. It characterized the Beltran decision as “without any substantive reasoning.” (Weaver, at p. 1335, fn. 35, 58 Cal.Rptr.3d 18.)
Our case is factually distinguishable from all the above discussed cases because defendant was charged with and convicted of three separate vehicular manslaughter charges with respect to three separate victims, two of whom were also the subjects of the section 12022.7, subdivision (a) enhancements. Nevertheless, we agree with Verlinde and Weaver to the extent they allow imposition of a section 12022.7, subdivision (a) enhancement with respect to a victim who is not the subject of a manslaughter conviction in that case. The statutory bar in section 12022.7, subdivision (g) would appear to be limited to the imposition of an enhancement with respect to a victim for whom the defendant had already been convicted of manslaughter. It would not apply to other victims for whom the defendant had not been convicted of manslaughter or murder. Likewise, imposition of the enhancement to victims who were not the subject of a manslaughter conviction is commensurate with the general notion of the propriety of imposing greater punishment for offenses that injure more than one individual. Thus, the court correctly imposed judgment on the section 12022.7, subdivision (a) enhancement with respect to victim Valentine.
On the other hand, although neither Verlinde nor Weaver explicitly barred imposition of a section 12022.7, subdivision (a) enhancement with respect to a victim who was the subject of a defendant's manslaughter conviction, this was largely because neither court faced such a factual scenario. Indeed, Verlinde, in dicta, reasoned that the statutory exemption operated to bar imposition of an enhancement for “the injuries inflicted on the homicide victim, who obviously has suffered great bodily injury.” (Verlinde, supra, 100 Cal.App.4th at p. 1168, 123 Cal.Rptr.2d 322.) Likewise, Weaver criticized Beltran for holding that the enhancement could not apply to victims other than the deceased. (Weaver, supra, 149 Cal.App.4th at p. 1335, fn. 35, 58 Cal.Rptr.3d 18.) Thus, we agree with the dicta in Verlinde and Weaver that imposition of a section 12022.7, subdivision (a) enhancement with respect to a victim for whom the defendant has already been convicted of manslaughter is barred by the express provision of section 12022.7, subdivision (g). Therefore, we shall reverse the true findings on the section 12022.7, subdivision (a) enhancements with respect to victims Giambra and Page. D. PETITION FOR RELEASE OF JUROR INFORMATION
Defendant contends the trial court abused its discretion in denying her petition to disclose juror information. We disagree.
Code of Civil Procedure section 206, subdivision (g) provides: “Pursuant to [Code of Civil Procedure] Section 237, a defendant or defendant's counsel may, following the recording of a jury's verdict in a criminal proceeding, petition the court for access to personal juror identifying information within the court's records necessary for the defendant to communicate with jurors for the purpose of developing a motion for new trial or any other lawful purpose.”
Upon the recording of a jury verdict in a criminal case, the court's record of the jurors' personal identifying information is to be sealed. (Code Civ. Proc., § 237, subd. (a)(2).) Any person may petition the court for disclosure of the identifying information, and the petition must be supported by a declaration establishing good cause for the disclosure. (Code Civ. Proc., § 237, subd. (b); Townsel v. Superior Court (1999) 20 Cal.4th 1084, 1098, fn. 7, 86 Cal.Rptr.2d 602, 979 P.2d 963; People v. Granish (1996) 41 Cal.App.4th 1117, 1131, 49 Cal.Rptr.2d 45.)
Good cause, in the context of a petition for disclosure to support a motion for a new trial based on juror misconduct, requires “a sufficient showing to support a reasonable belief that jury misconduct occurred....” (People v. Rhodes (1989) 212 Cal.App.3d 541, 552, 261 Cal.Rptr. 1; accord, People v. Wilson (1996) 43 Cal.App.4th 839, 850–852, 50 Cal.Rptr.2d 883.) Good cause does not exist where the allegations of jury misconduct are speculative, conclusory, vague, or unsupported. (See Wilson, at p. 852, 50 Cal.Rptr.2d 883.) We review the denial of a petition for disclosure for an abuse of discretion. (People v. Jones (1998) 17 Cal.4th 279, 317, 70 Cal.Rptr.2d 793, 949 P.2d 890; accord People v. Carrasco (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 978, 991, 77 Cal.Rptr.3d 912; People v. Santos (2007) 147 Cal.App.4th 965, 978, 55 Cal.Rptr.3d 1.)
Here, defense counsel posited good cause for the release of juror information, because he had been “informed by a juror that during deliberations one of the jurors went out and purchased toy cars to re-enact the accident during the lunch break prior to the juror's verdict. As part of that conversation, the jurors discussed what [defendant's] options were when tailgated by [Page] and discussed other options never presented by even the prosecution.” The court denied defendant's petition reasoning, “the law says that you can't do experiments. But there is no difference with using plastic cars trying to—and looks like what they were trying to do was trying to find a way out not to convict her. But using plastic cars is not an experiment. That is no different than drawing little pictures or using the yellow post-It that says this car's here, that car's there. I don't see good cause, sir.”
“Not every jury experiment constitutes misconduct. Improper experiments are those that allow the jury to discover new evidence by delving into areas not examined during trial. The distinction between proper and improper jury conduct turns on this difference. The jury may weigh and evaluate the evidence it has received. It is entitled to scrutinize that evidence, subjecting it to careful consideration by testing all reasonable inferences. It may reexamine the evidence in a slightly different context as long as that evaluation is within the ‘ “scope and purview of the evidence.” ’ [Citation.] What the jury cannot do is conduct a new investigation going beyond the evidence admitted.” (People v. Collins (2010) 49 Cal.4th 175, 249, 110 Cal.Rptr.3d 384, 232 P.3d 32.)
Defendant's showing fell short of good cause for release of juror information. The use of toy cars to reenact the collision was not an investigation that went beyond the evidence presented at trial. Rather, it appears the jurors simply attempted to reenact the versions of the collisions as adduced in the evidence at trial. There was no showing the jurors attempted to discover new evidence by their experiment; it is difficult to imagine how they would have done so with such an experiment. Thus, the court acted within its discretion in denying defendant's petition.
DISPOSITION
The true findings on the section 12022.7, subdivision (a) enhancements with respect to victims Giambra and Page are reversed. The superior court clerk is directed to generate a new minute order striking the enhancements. The clerk is further directed to forward a copy of the corrected minute order to the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. In all other respects, the judgment is affirmed. We concur: McKINSTER, Acting P.J. CODRINGTON, J.