Opinion
203 KA 18-02213
06-30-2023
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Fredrick N. COLON, Defendant-Appellant.
ERIK TEIFKE, ACTING PUBLIC DEFENDER, ROCHESTER (BRIDGET L. FIELD OF COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT. SANDRA DOORLEY, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, ROCHESTER (MARTIN P. MCCARTHY, II, OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.
ERIK TEIFKE, ACTING PUBLIC DEFENDER, ROCHESTER (BRIDGET L. FIELD OF COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
SANDRA DOORLEY, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, ROCHESTER (MARTIN P. MCCARTHY, II, OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.
PRESENT: SMITH, J.P., LINDLEY, MONTOUR, OGDEN, AND GREENWOOD, JJ.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously reversed on the law and a new trial is granted on count one of the indictment.
Memorandum: Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him, upon a jury verdict, of criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree ( Penal Law § 265.03 [3] ). During a traffic stop, defendant, a passenger in the vehicle, fled from the police, allegedly revealing a handgun in his waistband as he ran. Subsequently, a police officer discovered a handgun in the general area where defendant had been apprehended.
Defendant contends that the evidence is legally insufficient to support the conviction. We reject defendant's contention. One officer testified at trial that he observed a handgun in defendant's waistband as defendant fled. Although the image was blurry, the officer was also able to identify the handgun in a still frame taken from body camera footage. A handgun and defendant's identification card were discovered in the general area of police pursuit. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the People (see People v. Hines , 97 N.Y.2d 56, 62, 736 N.Y.S.2d 643, 762 N.E.2d 329 [2001], rearg denied 97 N.Y.2d 678, 738 N.Y.S.2d 292, 764 N.E.2d 396 [2001] ), we conclude that there is a valid line of reasoning and permissible inferences that could lead the jury to conclude that defendant possessed the handgun (see generally People v. Bleakley , 69 N.Y.2d 490, 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672 [1987] ; People v. Curry , 120 A.D.3d 1576, 1576-1577, 993 N.Y.S.2d 232 [4th Dept. 2014], lv denied 25 N.Y.3d 1162, 15 N.Y.S.3d 294, 36 N.E.3d 97 [2015] ). Furthermore, viewing the evidence in light of the elements of the crime as charged to the jury (see People v. Danielson , 9 N.Y.3d 342, 349, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1 [2007] ), we reject defendant's contention that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence (see generally Bleakley , 69 N.Y.2d at 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672 ; People v. Habeeb , 177 A.D.3d 1271, 1272, 112 N.Y.S.3d 386 [4th Dept. 2019], lv denied 34 N.Y.3d 1159, 120 N.Y.S.3d 253, 142 N.E.3d 1155 [2020] ).
We further reject defendant's contention that Supreme Court erred in denying his motion to suppress statements and physical evidence allegedly obtained as the result of an unlawful police encounter. Giving due deference to the trial court's credibility determinations (see People v. Layou , 134 A.D.3d 1510, 1511, 23 N.Y.S.3d 517 [4th Dept. 2015], lv denied 27 N.Y.3d 1070, 38 N.Y.S.3d 841, 60 N.E.3d 1207 [2016], reconsideration denied 28 N.Y.3d 932, 40 N.Y.S.3d 360, 63 N.E.3d 80 [2016] ), we conclude that the officers lawfully stopped the vehicle in which defendant was a passenger upon the observation of a traffic violation (see generally People v. Ross , 185 A.D.3d 1537, 1537-1538, 128 N.Y.S.3d 747 [4th Dept. 2020], lv denied 35 N.Y.3d 1115, 133 N.Y.S.3d 516, 158 N.E.3d 533 [2020] ), the officers lawfully requested that defendant exit the vehicle (see generally People v. Binion , 100 A.D.3d 1514, 1515, 954 N.Y.S.2d 369 [4th Dept. 2012], lv denied 21 N.Y.3d 911, 966 N.Y.S.2d 362, 988 N.E.2d 891 [2013] ), and the odor of marijuana, at the time of the encounter, provided the officers with probable cause to search the vehicle's occupants (see People v. Black , 59 A.D.3d 1050, 1051, 872 N.Y.S.2d 791 [4th Dept. 2009], lv denied 12 N.Y.3d 851, 881 N.Y.S.2d 663, 909 N.E.2d 586 [2009] ). We further conclude, based on testimony credited at the suppression hearing that the officers saw a handgun on defendant's person when he fled, that the police pursuit was justified (see People v. Daniels , 147 A.D.3d 1392, 1393, 46 N.Y.S.3d 358 [4th Dept. 2017], lv denied 29 N.Y.3d 1077, 64 N.Y.S.3d 167, 86 N.E.3d 254 [2017] ).
We agree with defendant, however, that the court's Sandoval ruling, which, as relevant here, permitted the People to cross-examine defendant, should he elect to testify, regarding a prior conviction of attempted criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree and to elicit, inter alia, the name of that crime, constitutes reversible error. A court's Sandoval determination is reviewed for an abuse of discretion (see People v. Davis , 198 A.D.3d 1355, 1356, 155 N.Y.S.3d 516 [4th Dept. 2021], lv denied 38 N.Y.3d 926, 164 N.Y.S.3d 19, 184 N.E.3d 840 [2022] ), and will generally be affirmed on appeal where the record reflects that the court properly considered the parties’ arguments and "weighed the probative value of [the] defendant's prior conviction against its potential for undue prejudice" ( People v. Micolo , 171 A.D.3d 1484, 1485, 99 N.Y.S.3d 538 [4th Dept. 2019], lv denied 35 N.Y.3d 1096, 131 N.Y.S.3d 307, 155 N.E.3d 800 [2020] ; see People v. Hayes , 97 N.Y.2d 203, 208, 738 N.Y.S.2d 663, 764 N.E.2d 963 [2002] ; People v. Lewis , 192 A.D.3d 1532, 1534, 145 N.Y.S.3d 230 [4th Dept. 2021], lv denied 37 N.Y.3d 993, 152 N.Y.S.3d 420, 174 N.E.3d 360 [2021] ). The record before us, however, reflects that the court did not exercise independent discretion and instead erroneously concluded that it was "bound" by this Court's precedent to allow cross-examination as to the prior conviction.
Although defense counsel argued before the court that it would be unduly prejudicial to permit questioning regarding a prior conviction of attempted criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree where the offense charged was criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree, the record reflects that the court did not exercise its discretion in weighing the probative value of defendant's conviction against its potential for undue prejudice. Instead, the court cited this Court's decision in ( People v. Stanley, 155 A.D.3d 1684, 64 N.Y.S.3d 837 [4th Dept. 2017], lv denied 30 N.Y.3d 1120, 77 N.Y.S.3d 345, 101 N.E.3d 986 [2018] ) and advised defense counsel that she "may want to discuss [her arguments] with the Fourth Department," explaining that Stanley was "their ruling, not my ruling" and that it was "bound by [the Fourth Department's] rulings." Consistently, when making its final determination on the issue, the court stated that its ruling was based "upon the Stanley case." In light of the above, we conclude that the court's Sandoval ruling with respect to the conviction for attempted criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree was not the result of the court's independent discretion based on the circumstances of the case before it, but rather the result of what, in the court's estimation, was binding precedent that dictated a specific ruling.
Stanley , however, stands for the proposition that "[c]ross-examination of a defendant concerning a prior crime is not prohibited solely because of the similarity between that crime and the crime charged" ( Stanley , 155 A.D.3d at 1685, 64 N.Y.S.3d 837 [internal quotation marks omitted]). That means that a Sandoval application by the People should not be automatically denied merely because a prior conviction is similar in nature to the present offense, and certainly does not mean that a court must automatically grant the People's application. There was nothing in Stanley that "bound" the court in this case and, to the contrary, the court was required to make its own discretionary balancing of the probative value of defendant's prior conviction against its potential for undue prejudice (see Micolo , 171 A.D.3d at 1485, 99 N.Y.S.3d 538 ). Although "an exercise of a trial court's Sandoval discretion should not be disturbed merely because the court did not provide a detailed recitation of its underlying reasoning ..., particularly where ... the basis of the court's decision may be inferred from the parties’ arguments" ( People v. Wertman , 114 A.D.3d 1279, 1281, 980 N.Y.S.2d 688 [4th Dept. 2014], lv denied 23 N.Y.3d 969, 988 N.Y.S.2d 576, 11 N.E.3d 726 [2014] [internal quotation marks omitted]; see People v. Flowers , 166 A.D.3d 1492, 1494, 87 N.Y.S.3d 425 [4th Dept. 2018], lv denied 32 N.Y.3d 1125, 93 N.Y.S.3d 263, 117 N.E.3d 822 [2018] ), the record must reflect that independent discretion was exercised (see generally People v. Graham , 107 A.D.3d 1421, 1422, 967 N.Y.S.2d 315 [4th Dept. 2013], affd 25 N.Y.3d 994, 10 N.Y.S.3d 172, 32 N.E.3d 387 [2015] ). Rather than independent discretion, however, the record here reflects that the court's reasoning was based on an erroneous belief that it was "bound" by Stanley .
We further conclude that the error is not harmless. "Under the standard applicable to nonconstitutional errors, an error is harmless if the proof of [the] defendant's guilt is overwhelming and there is no significant probability that the jury would have acquitted [the] defendant had the error not occurred" ( People v. Williams , 25 N.Y.3d 185, 194, 8 N.Y.S.3d 641, 31 N.E.3d 103 [2015] ). Here, we note that one of the officers who pursued defendant testified that he did not see a weapon in defendant's waistband and that the officer who testified that he saw the weapon conceded that he never saw defendant holding the weapon because he and defendant were running and "[i]t happened so fast." Although that officer identified what he believed to be a handgun in defendant's waistband from a still image taken from body camera footage, that image, taken during the pursuit, is blurry and does not depict a readily identifiable object. Although defendant's identification card was located on the ground after the pursuit, it was located away from the handgun. Further, officers testified that the handgun was recovered in a high crime area and that an unidentified person could be seen in police body camera footage in the general area where the handgun was found. We conclude that it cannot be said that the proof of defendant's guilt is overwhelming (see People v. Mountzouros , 206 A.D.3d 1706, 1708, 169 N.Y.S.3d 764 [4th Dept. 2022] ; see generally People v. Crimmins , 36 N.Y.2d 230, 241, 367 N.Y.S.2d 213, 326 N.E.2d 787 [1975] ). We therefore reverse the judgment and grant a new trial on count one of the indictment.
In light of our determination, we do not address defendant's remaining contentions.