Opinion
February 13, 1996
Appeal from the Supreme Court, Kings County (Marrus, J.).
Ordered that the judgment is affirmed.
The defendant was convicted of selling a large quantity of cocaine and a 9 millimeter semi-automatic handgun to an undercover police officer over the course of a long-term drug buying operation.
The court did not deny the defendant an opportunity to establish his defense of entrapment by, inter alia, refusing to compel disclosure at trial of the identity of a confidential informant. Here, the sole role of the informant was to introduce the undercover police officer to the defendant as a drug seller. Accordingly, the informant neither witnessed nor was a participant in any of the defendant's crimes and her testimony had no bearing on his guilt or innocence (see, People v Goggins, 34 N.Y.2d 163, 170, cert denied 419 U.S. 1012). Moreover, due to her marginal contact with the case, it could not be said that she was "`an active participant in setting the stage'" (People v. Goggins, supra, at 170, quoting Gilmore v. United States, 265 F.2d 565, 567). In any event, the defendant claimed at trial that he already knew the identity of the informant because she had admitted her identity to him. Indeed, at one point, the defendant stated that he would subpoena her to testify. Further, the defendant's own trial testimony failed to establish the defense of entrapment. In order to establish the defense of entrapment, the defendant must prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that he was actively induced or encouraged to commit the charged crime by the police or someone acting in cooperation with the police, and that he was not predisposed to committing the crime (see, Penal Law § 40.05). Here, the defendant's testimony did not in any way indicate that any form of pressure was brought to bear upon him by the informant to make the sales. Indeed, as noted previously, the informant was not even present after the initial introduction was made. Moreover, the evidence clearly showed the defendant's predisposition to sell drugs.
The defendant's sentence was neither harsh nor excessive (see, People v. Delgado, 80 N.Y.2d 780; People v. Suitte, 90 A.D.2d 80).
The defendant's remaining contentions, including those raised in his supplemental pro se brief, are either unpreserved for appellate review or without merit. Rosenblatt, J.P., Ritter, Hart and Krausman, JJ., concur.