Opinion
No. 211768
Submitted October 7, 1999, at Grand Rapids.
Decided January 11, 2000, at 9:20 a.m.
Appeal from Kent Circuit Court, Michigan, LC No. 94-000945 FH.
Jennifer M. Granholm, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, William A. Forsyth, Prosecuting Attorney, Timothy K. McMorrow, Chief Appellate Attorney, and David M. LaGrand, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
State Appellate Defender (by Fred E. Bell), for the defendant on appeal.
Before: Hood, P.J., and Holbrook, Jr., and Fitzgerald, JJ.
Defendant appeals, by leave granted, from an order denying his motion for relief from judgment. We affirm.
In March 1994, defendant was released from jail after serving sentences for convictions unrelated to the present action. The sentencing terms also required that defendant remain on a tether for six months. However, on March 8, 1994, defendant cut off his tether unit and absconded. On March 14, 1994, a bench warrant was issued for defendant's probation violation. On March 17, 1994, police officers were stopped behind a vehicle waiting at a traffic light. Defendant got out of the vehicle and spoke to the driver. The traffic signal turned green, but the vehicle did not proceed through the light. Eventually, defendant moved away from the vehicle and headed toward a gas station. He did not respond to a police officer's request to talk. Defendant then fled, and the police gave chase. Defendant turned to look over his shoulder and, consequently, ran into a police cruiser, which rendered defendant unconscious. A loaded pistol was found on defendant, and he was arrested for carrying a concealed weapon, MCL 750.227; MSA 28.424.
Defendant was taken to the county jail known as the Kent County Correctional Facility. Defendant was booked, but, during processing, he exchanged words with the jail staff. Defendant was known to various deputies because of his prior contact with law enforcement officers. As a result of defendant's exchange and prior contact, it was determined that defendant would be placed in a classification cell, a cell monitored by cameras in order to observe inmate conduct. Once defendant realized that he was being placed in a monitored cell, he threw his belongings, assumed a "stance" position, and refused to enter the cell. A "code green" call was issued that signified an inmate problem, and an estimated ten deputies converged on the area. Defendant was placed in the classification cell without further incident. However, the cell door closed before all jail personnel could exit, and Deputy Randy Heuvelman found himself locked in the cell with defendant. Defendant assaulted Deputy Heuvelman, using his fists to strike the deputy in the head. Consequently, defendant was charged with assault of a corrections officer, MCL 750.197c; MSA 28.394(3), and being an habitual offender, fourth offense, MCL 769.12; MSA 28.1084. Defendant was convicted, following a jury trial, and sentenced to three to fifteen years' imprisonment. On appeal, defendant's conviction was affirmed.
People v Clay, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued January 21, 1997 (Docket No. 183102).
In a separate jury trial, defendant was convicted of carrying a concealed weapon, MCL 750.227; MSA 28.424, and being an habitual offender, fourth offense. Defendant was sentenced to five to twenty years' imprisonment. However, defendant's convictions were reversed on appeal. This Court held that the trial court erred in denying defendant's motion to suppress evidence because defendant was not lawfully arrested. Specifically, this Court held that the three "misdemeanors" offered as a basis for defendant's arrest, aiding and abetting a traffic violation, trespassing, and wilful failure to obey the lawful directions of an officer, were unlawful. Accordingly, defendant's convictions were reversed and the matter was remanded.
People v Clay, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued April 11, 1997 (Docket No. 183101).
Thereafter, defendant moved, in the trial court, for relief from the judgment regarding his conviction of assault of a corrections officer. Defendant argued that, because his arrest for the carrying a concealed weapon offense was deemed unlawful, he was not "lawfully imprisoned" at the time of the assault on a corrections officer. Accordingly, defendant requested that his conviction be set aside. The trial court held that the police had a proper purpose for detaining defendant because of the outstanding bench warrant, which, in turn, validated the arrest. The trial court also held that a subsequent finding that the police did not have probable cause to arrest defendant did not render his detention unlawful. We affirm, albeit on other grounds.
Defendant's contention that the prosecution was required to prove that he was lawfully imprisoned at the time of the assault involves an issue of statutory interpretation. Statutory interpretation presents a question of law that we review de novo. People v Nimeth, 236 Mich. App. 616, 620; 601 N.W.2d 393 (1999). At the time of defendant's offense, MCL 750.197c; MSA 28.394(3) provided:
A person lawfully imprisoned in a jail, other place of confinement established by law for any term, or lawfully imprisoned for any purpose at any other place, including but not limited to hospitals and other health care facilities or awaiting examination, trial, arraignment, sentence, or after sentence awaiting or during transfer to or from a prison, for a crime or offense, or charged with a crime or offense who, without being discharged from the place of confinement, or other lawful imprisonment by due process of law, through the use of violence, threats of violence or dangerous weapons, assaults an employee of the place of confinement or other custodian knowing the person to be an employee or custodian or breaks the place of confinement and escapes, or breaks the place of confinement although an escape is not actually made, is guilty of a felony. [Emphasis added.]
In People v Neal, 232 Mich. App. 801; 592 N.W.2d 92 (1998), vacated 232 Mich. App. 801 (1998), the defendant was incarcerated at a state prison when an altercation between inmates and guards occurred. The defendant was charged with three counts of assault with intent to do great bodily harm less than murder, MCL 750.84; MSA 28.279. At the close of the proofs, the prosecutor requested that an instruction for assault of a corrections officer be given. The trial court granted the request, and the jury acquitted the defendant of the original charges, but found the defendant guilty of three counts of assault of a corrections officer. The defendant moved to have his convictions set aside, but did not challenge the lawfulness of his incarceration in the state prison. Rather, the defendant challenged the sufficiency of the prosecution's proof of lawful imprisonment. The trial court granted the defendant's motion. On appeal, this Court noted that "the prosecution must establish the lawfulness of the imprisonment as part of its prima facie case of assault of an employee of a place of confinement." Neal, supra, 232 Mich. App. 804. However, this Court held that there was sufficient evidence to support the conviction because lawful imprisonment could be inferred from evidence that the defendant was incarcerated in a state prison. Id.
When the Neal decision was released, this Court noted that it was constrained to follow People v Gaines, 223 Mich. App. 230; 566 N.W.2d 35 (1997). However, the Neal opinion was vacated and a special panel was convened to resolve the conflict between Neal and Gaines. Neal, supra, 232 Mich. App. 801. The conflict panel adopted the reasoning of Neal and the Gaines precedent was overruled. People v Neal, 233 Mich. App. 649; 592 N.W.2d 95 (1999).
The present case before us is factually and legally distinguishable. Defendant argues that his conviction must be set aside because the reversal of his conviction of carrying a concealed weapon, which charge caused his placement in the county jail, rendered his imprisonment unlawful. However, examination of MCL 750.197c; MSA 28.394(3) reveals that it does not punish conduct only when an individual is "lawfully imprisoned." Rather, the statute penalizes assaultive conduct upon a corrections officer at various stages of a criminal proceeding. It punishes a defendant who has been convicted of a crime and is serving time in a jail, prison, hospital, or other confined location. However, it also punishes assaultive conduct when a defendant is merely "awaiting examination, trial, arraignment, sentence. . . ." MCL 750.197c; MSA 28.394(3). Additionally, the statute penalizes assaultive conduct that occurs after a crime is charged, but before discharge from a place of confinement, or assaultive conduct that occurs after sentencing, but before entry into a place of confinement.
In drafting MCL 750.197c; MSA 28.394(3), the Legislature failed to include the requirement that a defendant be "lawfully imprisoned" at all stages in a criminal proceeding. Specifically, the term "lawfully imprisoned" was not included in reference to a defendant who has initial contact with the criminal justice system, but has not yet been given the opportunity to protest confinement at a preliminary examination or trial. "The fundamental rule of statutory construction is to discern and give effect to the intent of the Legislature." People v Venticinque, 459 Mich. 90, 99; 586 N.W.2d 732 (1998). When statutory language is clear and unambiguous, we must enforce the statute as written because the Legislature must have intended the meaning it expressed. Id. Accordingly, we hold that the Legislature did not intend to require that the prosecution prove that a defendant was "lawfully imprisoned" when he is charged with assaulting a corrections officer while awaiting examination. Review of the felony complaint in the present case reveals that defendant was charged with assault of an employee of the place of confinement "while awaiting examination." Because the Legislature did not require that the prosecution prove that a defendant was lawfully imprisoned while "awaiting examination, trial, arraignment, [or] sentence," the trial court properly denied defendant's motion for relief from judgment.
We also note that our statutory interpretation is consistent with the legislative intent in enacting MCL 750.197c; MSA 28.394(3). The House Legislative Analysis for 1976 PA 188 indicates that the purpose of the legislation was to elevate an assault upon corrections staff from a misdemeanor to a felony because of inadequate protections to corrections staff. House Legislative Analysis, HB 5117, July 1, 1976. The interpretation urged by defendant would require proof of "lawful imprisonment" when the proceedings at which such imprisonment could be challenged, such as examination or trial, have not yet been held. There is no indication that the Legislature intended the constrained interpretation urged by defendant.
We note that the recent decision of People v Taylor, 238 Mich. App. 259; 604 N.W.2d 783 (1999), addressed lawful imprisonment. However, the defendant in Taylor was charged with escape from jail, MCL 750.197(2); MSA 28.394(2), not assault of a corrections officer, MCL 750.197c; MSA 28.394(3), the statute in dispute before us.
Fitzgerald, J., concurred.
I respectfully dissent. While I agree with the majority's recitation of the relevant rules of statutory interpretation, I disagree with its application of those rules to the language of MCL 750.197c; MSA 28.394(3) (assault of an employee of a place of confinement). Specifically, I disagree with the majority's conclusion that the plain language of the statute indicates "that the Legislature did not intend to require that the prosecution prove that a defendant was `lawfully imprisoned' when he is charged with assaulting a corrections officer while awaiting examination." Ante, p 372 (emphasis in majority opinion). Further, because I conclude that defendant was not lawfully imprisoned when he attacked the officer, I would reverse defendant's conviction of assault of an employee of a place of confinement.
At the relevant time, MCL 750.197c; MSA 28.394(3) was broadly divided into three parts. The first part sets forth the specific class of defendants to whom the statute applies, the second sets forth the prohibited behavior, and the third sets forth the class of protected individuals. My disagreement with the majority stems from how it has interpreted the first of these three parts. The relevant language reads:
In 1998, the Legislature amended MCL 750.197c; MSA 28.394(3) by redesignating the unaltered language of the existing § 197c as subsection 197c(1) and adding a subsection 197c(2). 1998 PA 510. Because nothing in the two new subsections affects my analysis, I believe the interpretation set forth in this dissent should apply to the present version of the statute as well.
A person lawfully imprisoned in a jail, other place of confinement established by law for any term, or lawfully imprisoned for any purpose at any other place, including but not limited to hospitals and other health care facilities or awaiting examination, trial, arraignment, sentence, or after sentence awaiting or during transfer to or from a prison, for a crime or offense, or charged with a crime or offense who, without being discharged from the place of confinement, or other lawful imprisonment by due process of law. . . . [MCL 750.197c; MSA 28.394(3).]
This section of the statute consists of a number of subclassifications. As I read the statute, the modifying phrase, "lawfully imprisoned," applies to each of these subclassifications.
The majority correctly observes that MCL 750.197c; MSA 28.394(3) "penalizes assaultive conduct upon a corrections officer at various stages of a criminal proceeding." Ante, p 371. The majority then draws a distinction between defendants who are already serving time after conviction and all other defendants who are involved in earlier stages of a criminal proceeding. The majority concludes that the "lawfully imprisoned" language applies to the former but not the latter. I believe this is an erroneous distinction at odds with the language of the statute.
The terms "awaiting examination, trial, arraignment, sentence" are preceded by the phrase "or lawfully imprisoned for any purpose at any other place, including but not limited to . . . ." This introductory phrase clearly signals that a list of applicable "purposes" and "places" is to follow. For the statute to apply to a given defendant found in any of these listed situations, the defendant must be "lawfully imprisoned" at the time. There is nothing in the structure of the statute that leads to the conclusion that the "awaiting examination, trial, arraignment, sentence" language is not to be included on this list. Indeed, the syntax and organization of the statute leads to the exact opposite conclusion.
In People v Fox (After Remand), 232 Mich. App. 541; 591 N.W.2d 384 (1998), this Court interpreted similar language found in MCL 750.197(2); MSA 28.394(2), the jail escape statute. The Fox Court concluded that conviction under "the jail escape statute requires a showing that (1) the defendant was lawfully imprisoned in a jail or other place of confinement while awaiting legal proceedings or transfer to prison. . . ." Fox, supra at 556-557. Unlike the majority in the case at hand, the Fox Court did not subdivide the situations listed in the jail escape statute, applying the lawful imprisonment requirement to some and not others. The Legislature's failure to include the specific phrase "lawfully imprisoned" in each and every clause of the jail escape statute was apparently not seen as significant by the Fox Court. I believe our reading of MCL 750.197c; MSA 28.394(3) should be similarly informed.
Additionally, I note that this list is immediately followed by the following catch-all provision: "or other lawful imprisonment by due process of law. . . ." A catch-all provision is typically inserted into a statute to make sure that the language employed does not inadvertently omit something that was intended to be included. Benedict v Dep't of Treasury, 236 Mich. App. 559, 565; 601 N.W.2d 151 (1999). Thus, while the "not limited to" language that precedes the list informs us that the list is not exhaustive, the catch-all informs us that when drawing out of the situations listed a standard of applicable characteristics, the class of defendants should not be limited in a manner that would have the effect of excluding persons under "lawful imprisonment by due process of law. . . ." By placing this language both before and after the list of particulars, the Legislature has clearly signaled its intent that the law should apply only when the assault is committed by those "lawfully imprisoned."
"The purpose for defining the class by illustrative particularizations accompanied by a general catchall reference is to determine how extensively the act was intended or should reasonably be understood to apply." 2A Singer, Sutherland Statutory Construction (5th ed), § 47.18, p 200.
In People v Neal, 233 Mich. App. 649, 650; 592 N.W.2d 95 (1999), this Court adopted the reasoning and analysis set forth in People v Neal, 232 Mich. App. 801; 592 N.W.2d 92 (1998), vacated 232 Mich. App. 801 (1998) (hereinafter Neal I). I note that the Neal I Court made the following observations:
We initially agree . . . that the prosecution must establish the lawfulness of the imprisonment as part of its prima facie case of assault of an employee of a place of confinement. . . .
* * *
Both Michigan courts and courts of other jurisdictions have historically construed statutes requiring "lawful" imprisonment, detention, or commitment as providing that lawfulness is an element of the prosecution's prima facie case. Further, when the Legislature amended the prison escape statute . . . to eliminate the lawfulness element, the Legislature did not similarly amend MCL 750.197c; MSA 28.394(3). Thus, lawfulness remains an element of the prosecution's prima facie case in prosecutions under MCL 750.197c; MSA 28.394(3). [ Neal I, supra at 804 (citations omitted).]
The majority's reading of the statute disregards these observations and legal traditions. In so doing, the majority has, in effect, established two prima facie cases for the crime of assault of an employee of a place of confinement. The first, for those persons convicted and serving time, follows the traditional approach by including the element of being lawfully imprisoned in a place of confinement. However, the second prima facie case, for those persons involved in a criminal proceeding but not yet convicted and serving time, does not include such an element. I do not believe the language of the statute either proscribes or justifies such a break with traditional adjudication of this crime. In fact, I believe the plain language of the statute indicates that the Legislature intended to create only one prima facie case for the crime. See, e.g., People v Terry, 217 Mich. App. 660, 661-662; 553 N.W.2d 23 (1996); People v Williams, 173 Mich. App. 312, 318; 433 N.W.2d 356 (1988).
The majority disregards the analysis in Neal I on the ground that the case is factually distinguishable. Ante, p 370. While this is true, I do not believe that means we can dismiss the Neal I Court's observations on the nature of the prima facie case under MCL 750.197c; MSA 28.394(3). The Neal I Court did not say that the nature of the prima facie case for that case alone included the element of lawful imprisonment. Rather, the Court observed that lawful imprisonment is, in general, an essential element of the prima facie case of assault of an employee of a place of confinement. Neal I, supra at 804.
The resolution of defendant's appeal now turns on whether he falls within the class of covered defendants, i.e., was defendant lawfully imprisoned at the time of the assault. The word "imprisoned" does not apply only to the condition of being in prison or jail. For example, "imprison" has been defined as follows: "To put in a prison; to put in a place of confinement. To confine a person, or restrain his liberty, in any way." Black's Law Dictionary (6th ed). See also People v Taylor, 238 Mich. App. 259; 433 N.W.2d 356 (1999). "Imprisonment" is
[t]he detention of a person contrary to his will. The act of putting or confining a person in prison. The restraint of a person's personal liberty; coercion exercised upon a person to prevent the free exercise of his powers of locomotion. It is not a necessary part of the definition that the confinement should be in a place usually appropriated to that purpose; it may be in a locality used only for the specific occasion. . . . [Black's Law Dictionary (6th ed).]
A person being held before arraignment, examination, trial, or sentencing is certainly being confined and detained against the person's will.
Given the majority's restricted understanding of the term "imprisoned," it has chosen to read the medical facility designation as indicating that the statutory prohibition applies only when a defendant is serving time in a hospital after having been convicted of a crime. Ante, p 371. Conversely, I believe that a defendant could be charged under the statute if, for example, the defendant assaulted an officer attending to the defendant while the defendant was being treated at a hospital for injuries sustained during an arrest.
However, as the majority notes, previously, a panel of "this Court held that the three `misdemeanors' offered as a basis for defendant's arrest, aiding and abetting a traffic violation, trespassing, and wilful failure to obey the lawful directions of an officer, were unlawful." Ante, p 368. In defining "lawful," Black's Law Dictionary notes that the
principal distinction between the terms "lawful" and "legal" is that the former contemplates the substance of law, the latter the form of law. To say of an act that it is "lawful" implies that it is authorized, sanctioned, or at any rate not forbidden, by law. To say that it is "legal" implies that it is done or performed in accordance with the forms and usages of law, or in a technical manner. [Black's Law Dictionary (6th ed) (emphasis added).]
Accord, Taylor, supra at 265. As this Court observed in People v Clay, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued April 11, 1997 (Docket No. 183101), when defendant was arrested, "the officers were not authorized by state or municipal law to effect a custodial arrest for the particular offenses." (Emphasis added.) Because defendant's arrest was not authorized by law, his subsequent confinement was also unlawful. Accordingly, defendant does not fall into the class of defendants set forth in the statute.
I also am not persuaded by the lower court's assertion that defendant's arrest could be justified by the outstanding bench warrant. The case cited by the trial court as support for this proposition, People v Arterberry, 431 Mich. 381; 429 N.W.2d 574 (1988), is factually distinguishable. The defendant in Arterberry was challenging a police search of his person. The Court stated that the police acted within the scope of a valid search warrant when they discovered a controlled substance in a locked toolbox. This gave the police probable cause to arrest the defendant for loitering in a place of illegal operation or business. The Court reasoned that had the police thought to arrest the defendant on that charge, he could have been searched incident to that arrest. The fact that the arresting officers did not actually possess this state of mind was irrelevant. Id. at 383-384. Thus, the Court held, the "police acted properly in searching the seven occupants for the key." Id. at 385.
Unlike the officers in Arterberry, the officers who arrested defendant were not in possession of a valid warrant that might have justified their search of his person. Indeed, there is no evidence that any of the officers were even aware of the existence of the bench warrant at anytime before the assault.
A fact acknowledged by the trial court.
For these reasons, I believe defendant's conviction of assault of an employee of a place of confinement should be reversed.