Opinion
928 KA 19-00888
11-19-2021
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Luis CABALLERO, Defendant-Appellant.
THE LEGAL AID BUREAU OF BUFFALO, INC., BUFFALO (ROBERT L. KEMP OF COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT. JOHN J. FLYNN, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, BUFFALO (DANIELLE E. PHILLIPS OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.
THE LEGAL AID BUREAU OF BUFFALO, INC., BUFFALO (ROBERT L. KEMP OF COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
JOHN J. FLYNN, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, BUFFALO (DANIELLE E. PHILLIPS OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.
PRESENT: CENTRA, J.P., LINDLEY, CURRAN, TROUTMAN, AND DEJOSEPH, JJ.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously modified as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice by reducing the sentence imposed for predatory sexual assault against a child under count one of the indictment to an indeterminate term of incarceration of 15 years to life and by reducing the sentence imposed for criminal sexual act in the first degree under count two of the indictment to a determinate term of incarceration of 15 years followed by five years of postrelease supervision, and as modified the judgment is affirmed.
Memorandum: On appeal from a judgment convicting him following a nonjury trial (Buscaglia, A.J.) of predatory sexual assault against a child ( Penal Law § 130.96 ) and criminal sexual act in the first degree (§ 130.50 [1]), defendant contends that Supreme Court (Buscaglia, A.J.) erred in refusing to suppress his statements and DNA evidence obtained during the course of two police interviews. We reject that contention.
Contrary to defendant's contention, he was not illegally arrested before either of his interviews with police officers and as a result the court did not err in refusing to suppress his statements or the DNA evidence resulting from defendant's offer to provide a DNA sample. "[N]ot every forcible detention constitutes an arrest" ( People v. Drake , 93 A.D.3d 1158, 1159, 940 N.Y.S.2d 403 [4th Dept. 2012], lv denied 19 N.Y.3d 1102, 955 N.Y.S.2d 557, 979 N.E.2d 818 [2012] ; see People v. Hicks , 68 N.Y.2d 234, 239-240, 508 N.Y.S.2d 163, 500 N.E.2d 861 [1986] ). Indeed, "officers may handcuff a detainee out of concern for officer safety" ( People v. Wiggins , 126 A.D.3d 1369, 1370, 4 N.Y.S.3d 798 [4th Dept. 2015] ; see People v. Griffin , 188 A.D.3d 1701, 1703, 136 N.Y.S.3d 619 [4th Dept. 2020], lv denied 36 N.Y.3d 1050, 140 N.Y.S.3d 879, 164 N.E.3d 966 [2021], cert denied ––– U.S. ––––, 141 S.Ct. 2538, 209 L.Ed.2d 561 [2021] ).
Before the first interview, defendant attempted to evade police by hiding under a bed in his residence. Although he was forcibly removed from underneath the bed and handcuffed by an officer who had been granted permission to search the residence, the evidence at the suppression hearing established that the Spanish-speaking defendant was informed, through translation by the female occupants of the residence, that he was not being arrested, that he was merely wanted for questioning, that he had the right to refuse to accompany the officer, and that he would be brought home following the interview. In addition, the handcuffs were removed when defendant was brought to the interview room at police headquarters, and he was offered a ride home following that initial interview. At the time of the second interview, defendant was again informed, via translation by his girlfriend, of the circumstances of the interview, and he and his girlfriend voluntarily accompanied police officers to police headquarters. Neither individual was handcuffed. We note that defendant repeatedly denied any wrongdoing and did not make any incriminating statements during either interview. In our view, a reasonable person, innocent of any crime, would not have thought he or she was under arrest prior to either interview (see generally People v. Yukl , 25 N.Y.2d 585, 589, 307 N.Y.S.2d 857, 256 N.E.2d 172 [1969], cert denied 400 U.S. 851, 91 S.Ct. 78, 27 L.Ed.2d 89 [1970] ).
Contrary to defendant's contention with respect to the first interview, we conclude that, " ‘[g]iven defendant's continuing consent [to accompany the police], and the circumstances that, at the [police station], defendant was neither handcuffed nor kept in a cell, the handcuffing of defendant for security reasons during the car trip did not constitute an arrest’ " ( People v. Bridgefourth , 13 A.D.3d 1165, 1166, 787 N.Y.S.2d 535 [4th Dept. 2004], lv denied 4 N.Y.3d 828, 796 N.Y.S.2d 583, 829 N.E.2d 676 [2005], reconsideration denied 5 N.Y.3d 760, 801 N.Y.S.2d 254, 834 N.E.2d 1264 [2005]; cf. People v. Finch , 137 A.D.3d 1653, 1654-1655, 28 N.Y.S.3d 190 [4th Dept. 2016] ; see generally People v. Allen , 73 N.Y.2d 378, 379-380, 540 N.Y.S.2d 971, 538 N.E.2d 323 [1989] ). Moreover, the physical removal of defendant from underneath the bed and the use of handcuffs before the first interview was warranted based on the "threat that defendant might take additional evasive action" ( People v. McDonald , 173 A.D.3d 1633, 1634, 102 N.Y.S.3d 368 [4th Dept. 2019], lv denied 34 N.Y.3d 934, 109 N.Y.S.3d 709, 133 N.E.3d 410 [2019] ).
Defendant further contends that, given his difficulty in understanding the English language, the People failed to establish that he voluntarily waived his Miranda rights and, as a result, failed to establish that his statements and his offer to provide DNA evidence were voluntary. We reject that contention. " ‘[A] statement given freely and voluntarily’ is admissible in evidence" ( People v. Boyd , 192 A.D.3d 1659, 1660, 144 N.Y.S.3d 278 [4th Dept. 2021], quoting Miranda v. Arizona , 384 U.S. 436, 478, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 [1966] ). To meet their initial burden when seeking to admit in evidence statements by a defendant who has limited English language proficiency, "[t]he People must establish that the defendant grasped that he or she did not have to speak to the interrogator; that any statement might be used to the subject's disadvantage; and that an attorney's assistance would be provided upon request, at any time, and before questioning is continued" ( People v. Jin Cheng Lin , 26 N.Y.3d 701, 726, 27 N.Y.S.3d 439, 47 N.E.3d 718 [2016] [internal quotation marks omitted]; see People v. Hinojoso-Soto , 161 A.D.3d 1541, 1542, 77 N.Y.S.3d 248 [4th Dept. 2018], lv denied 32 N.Y.3d 938, 84 N.Y.S.3d 864, 109 N.E.3d 1164 [2018] ).
Here, the People met their initial burden by introducing evidence establishing that bilingual police officers provided Miranda warnings in Spanish, and that defendant participated in the lengthy interviews without exhibiting any difficulty in comprehending or responding (see Hinojoso-Soto , 161 A.D.3d at 1542, 77 N.Y.S.3d 248 ). Thereafter, "the burden of persuasion with respect to suppression shifted to defendant" ( id. [internal quotation marks omitted]), who failed to establish any basis from which to conclude that his statements and DNA sample were not voluntarily given. Thus, viewing the totality of the circumstances (see People v. Deitz , 148 A.D.3d 1653, 1653, 50 N.Y.S.3d 726 [4th Dept. 2017], lv denied 29 N.Y.3d 1125, 64 N.Y.S.3d 675, 86 N.E.3d 567 [2017] ), we conclude that the court did not err in determining that defendant's waiver of his Miranda rights was voluntary (see Boyd , 192 A.D.3d at 1660-1661, 144 N.Y.S.3d 278 ).
To the extent that defendant challenges the use of bilingual police officers as translators due to an alleged conflict of interest, that particular contention is not preserved for our review (see People v. Valverde , 13 A.D.3d 658, 659, 789 N.Y.S.2d 62 [2d Dept. 2004], lv denied 4 N.Y.3d 836, 796 N.Y.S.2d 591, 829 N.E.2d 684 [2005] ). In any event, it lacks merit (see People v. Esquerdo , 71 A.D.3d 1424, 1425, 897 N.Y.S.2d 565 [4th Dept. 2010], lv denied 14 N.Y.3d 887, 903 N.Y.S.2d 775, 929 N.E.2d 1010 [2010] ; Valverde , 13 A.D.3d at 659, 789 N.Y.S.2d 62 ).
Defendant further contends that the court (Eagan, A.J.) erred in permitting the People to introduce certain Molineux evidence concerning prior acts of sexual misconduct perpetrated by defendant against the victim. We likewise reject that contention. "Evidence of a defendant's prior bad acts may be admissible when it is relevant to a material issue in the case other than defendant's criminal propensity" ( People v. Dorm , 12 N.Y.3d 16, 19, 874 N.Y.S.2d 866, 903 N.E.2d 263 [2009] ). Here, the victim's testimony concerning the uncharged acts was properly admitted "to complete the narrative of the events charged in the indictment ... and [to] provide[ ] necessary background information" ( People v. Workman , 56 A.D.3d 1155, 1156, 868 N.Y.S.2d 430 [4th Dept. 2008], lv denied 12 N.Y.3d 789, 879 N.Y.S.2d 66, 906 N.E.2d 1100 [2009] [internal quotation marks omitted]; see People v. Feliciano , 196 A.D.3d 1030, 1031, 151 N.Y.S.3d 565 [4th Dept. 2021] ). It also served to place "the charged conduct in context" ( Dorm , 12 N.Y.3d at 19, 874 N.Y.S.2d 866, 903 N.E.2d 263 ; see People v. Leeson , 12 N.Y.3d 823, 827, 880 N.Y.S.2d 895, 908 N.E.2d 885 [2009] ).
Contrary to defendant's contention, "the probative value of that evidence outweighed its potential for prejudice" ( Feliciano , 196 A.D.3d at 1031, 151 N.Y.S.3d 565 ; see generally People v. Alvino , 71 N.Y.2d 233, 242, 525 N.Y.S.2d 7, 519 N.E.2d 808 [1987] ), especially given the presumption in a bench trial that the court has considered only competent evidence in reaching its verdict (see People v. Dyson , 169 A.D.3d 917, 918, 94 N.Y.S.3d 327 [2d Dept. 2019], lv denied 33 N.Y.3d 975, 101 N.Y.S.3d 269, 124 N.E.3d 758 [2019] ; see also People v. Malone , 196 A.D.3d 1054, 1055, 147 N.Y.S.3d 481 [4th Dept. 2021], lv denied 37 N.Y.3d 1028, 153 N.Y.S.3d 427, 175 N.E.3d 452 [2021] ; see generally People v. Moreno , 70 N.Y.2d 403, 406, 521 N.Y.S.2d 663, 516 N.E.2d 200 [1987] ).
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the People (see People v. Williams , 84 N.Y.2d 925, 926, 620 N.Y.S.2d 811, 644 N.E.2d 1367 [1994] ), we conclude that it is legally sufficient to support the conviction (see generally People v. Bleakley , 69 N.Y.2d 490, 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672 [1987] ). In addition, viewing the evidence in light of the elements of the crimes in this nonjury trial (see People v. Danielson , 9 N.Y.3d 342, 349, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1 [2007] ), we conclude that the verdict is not against the weight of the evidence (see generally Bleakley , 69 N.Y.2d at 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672 ). "[I]ssues of credibility, as well as the weight to be accorded to the evidence presented, are primarily questions to be determined by the [factfinder]" ( People v. Witherspoon , 66 A.D.3d 1456, 1457, 885 N.Y.S.2d 829 [4th Dept. 2009], lv denied 13 N.Y.3d 942, 895 N.Y.S.2d 333, 922 N.E.2d 922 [2010] [internal quotation marks omitted]; see People v. Smith , 145 A.D.3d 1628, 1629, 44 N.Y.S.3d 658 [4th Dept. 2016], lv denied 31 N.Y.3d 1017, 78 N.Y.S.3d 287, 102 N.E.3d 1068 [2018] ). To the extent that defendant contends that the victim's testimony is incredible as a matter of law, we reject that contention. "Testimony will be deemed incredible as a matter of law only where it is ‘manifestly untrue, physically impossible, contrary to experience, or self-contradictory’ " ( People v. Smith , 73 A.D.3d 1469, 1470, 900 N.Y.S.2d 802 [4th Dept. 2010], lv denied 15 N.Y.3d 778, 907 N.Y.S.2d 467, 933 N.E.2d 1060 [2010] ). The victim's testimony does not meet that standard.
We agree with defendant, however, that the sentence is unduly harsh and severe, particularly in light of defendant's minimal and remote criminal history and the circumstances of the offense. Thus, as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice, we modify the judgment by reducing the sentence imposed for predatory sexual assault against a child under count one of the indictment to an indeterminate term of incarceration of 15 years to life and by reducing the sentence imposed for criminal sexual act in the first degree under count two of the indictment to a determinate term of incarceration of 15 years, to be followed by the five years of postrelease supervision imposed by the court (see CPL 470.15 [6] [b] ; People v. Delgado , 80 N.Y.2d 780, 783, 587 N.Y.S.2d 271, 599 N.E.2d 675 [1992] ).