Summary
In Brady, the trial court avoided this danger by "enjoin[ing] the prosecutor from asking defendant anything beyond the words of his guilty plea," thus "foreclos[ing] any incriminating inquiry * * *, save what defendant himself said when he relinquished his Fifth Amendment rights during the plea colloquy."
Summary of this case from People v. JonesOpinion
8
Decided February 7, 2002.
Appeal, by permission of and Associate Judge of the Court of Appeals, from an order of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court in the Second Judicial Department, entered November 20, 2000, which affirmed a judgment of the Supreme Court (Michael R. Juviler, J.), rendered in Kings County upon a verdict convincing defendant of robbery in the first degree.
Alexander F. Fox, for appellant.
Elaine Block, for respondent.
Chief Judge Kaye and Judges Smith, Levine, Ciparick, Wesley and Graffeo concur.
In this appeal, we consider the extent to which a trial court, at aSandoval hearing, may allow cross-examination of a defendant compatibly with the right against compulsory self-incrimination. Defendant contends that the court should not have permitted the prosecutor to question him about an unrelated crime to which he pleaded guilty but for which he had not yet been sentenced. We hold that the court did not abuse its discretion in allowing cross-examination limited to defendant's admissions at the guilty plea allocution.
On August 11, 1996, defendant displayed a gun to three children in a McDonald's restaurant and robbed them of $70. He pleaded guilty on November 20, 1996 to attempted robbery, admitting under oath that he "took $70 from a kid."
Before being sentenced, defendant was arrested for another robbery (the one before us) in which he and two accomplices were charged with using a gun to rob a couple of a wallet and gold chain. After indictment, the court conducted a Sandoval hearing on June 1, 1998. The People sought permission to cross-examine defendant as to the McDonald's robbery, for which he was still awaiting sentence. Defendant argued that because of the similarity of the two robberies, any inquiry into the McDonald's robbery could be prejudicial. He also stated that any reference to the McDonald's crime would "put him in a difficult position to answer questions about that case while this case is in effect. It could certainly be extraordinarily prejudicial not only here but there as well[.]"
The court ruled that if defendant testified, the People could cross-examine him about the McDonald's robbery only to the extent of asking him "whether on August 11, 1996, he stole money from a kid, and whether he admitted that in court on November 20th, 1996." The court precluded any reference to defendant's possession and display of a gun.
Defendant did not testify. He was convicted, and the Appellate Division affirmed ( 277 A.D.2d 391). A Judge of this Court granted defendant leave to appeal, and we now affirm.
Defendant contends that the trial court's Sandoval ruling constituted reversible error. Citing People v. Betts ( 70 N.Y.2d 289) andMitchell v. United States ( 526 U.S. 314), he now argues that the Trial Court should have barred all cross-examination as to the McDonald's robbery because any such questioning left him exposed to the possibility of self-incrimination should his McDonald's guilty plea ever be vacated. We are unpersuaded.
In Betts, this Court held that defendants who testify do not waive their self-incrimination rights with respect to "pending" unrelated criminal charges (see, 70 N.Y.2d, at 292, 295). Betts was on trial for first degree rape and sought to prohibit the prosecutor from questioning him as to a burglary for which he was charged and awaiting trial. Betts argued that the proposed inquiry would penalize his invocation of his right not to incriminate himself. Betts told the court that if he were cross-examined about the burglary, he would have to invoke his privilege against self-incrimination and thus lose favor with the jury. Agreeing with his argument, this Court held it improper to force Betts to answer questions and possibly incriminate himself in connection with the unrelated pending burglary charge.
Seizing on the word "pending," defendant argues that because he had not yet been sentenced, the McDonald's robbery was "pending" at the time of the Sandoval hearing, and that his self-incrimination argument should therefore prevail under the Betts rationale. He reads Betts too broadly. Unlike Betts, who was facing trial, defendant had pleaded guilty to the earlier crime. In open court defendant waived his Fifth Amendment rights in connection with the McDonald's robbery, admitting that he stole the money. When the court made its Sandoval ruling in the case before us, defendant's guilty plea in the McDonald's robbery was undisturbed and unchallenged, as it had been for 18 months.
Defendant has never suggested that he thought the guilty plea the least bit vulnerable or that there was any ground upon which it should or could be vacated. Never did he seek to withdraw the plea or indicate that he had even the remotest hope or intention of doing so. Moreover, at no time did defendant tell the Trial Court that he was concerned with the prospect of self-incrimination, never even using the phrase or any of its equivalents. Fleetingly and in conclusory language, the defense spoke of "extraordinar[y] prejudic[e]" and being in a "difficult position," but did not explain how or why any such prejudice or difficulty would ever materialize.
Had defendant addressed the prospect of a withdrawal or vacatur of the McDonald's guilty plea, the Trial Court would have been able to deal with a possible self-incrimination claim and rule accordingly. Only the Judge mentioned self-incrimination, explaining that he would allow the prosecution to cross-examine defendant about the McDonald's crime only as to whether defendant stole money from a kid and admitted it in court on November 20, 1996. Defendant then directed his argument exclusively toward the prejudicial impact of propensity evidence.
The parties have disagreed over whether and to what extent People v. Spitaleri ( 9 N.Y.2d 168 [1961]) would bar the prosecution from using the admission if the guilty plea were ever vacated. In Spitaleri, we held that the People could not introduce evidence of a defendant's withdrawn guilty plea to the crime for which he was then being tried. We later emphasized that Spitaleri was "in no way constitutionally or statutorily compelled," but was based on "fairness" (People v. Evans, 58 N.Y.2d 14, 22, 24 [1982]). Because the issue is not before us, we do not decide whether Spitaleri should be extended to cover the use of an admission made in another trial or whether there are any conceivable circumstances in which the prosecution could use such an admission.
The Trial Court was careful to enjoin the prosecutor from asking defendant anything beyond the words of his guilty plea. By meticulously limiting the inquiry as it did, the Trial Court foreclosed any incriminating inquiry as to the McDonald's crime, save what defendant himself said when he relinquished his Fifth Amendment rights during the plea colloquy. We are offered no basis to conclude that defendant's guilty plea was assailable or that his surrender of his Fifth Amendment rights was anything but knowing and voluntary.
Mitchell does not help defendant. There, the petitioner pleaded guilty to conspiring to distribute cocaine, admitting to having done "some of" the conduct of which she was accused (526 US, supra, at 318). At trial, the court advised her that the drug quantity — on which the range of punishment depended — would be determined at a sentencing hearing. Informing the petitioner of the possible penalty, the court told her that the range of punishment is "very complex" and depended on what the prosecution would be able to establish as to her involvement. At the sentencing hearing, the court heard witnesses as to her more serious involvement and imposed sentence, drawing an adverse inference from the petitioner's failure to rebut the testimony of others at the hearing (see, id., at 319).
Under a sentencing scheme of that type (where proof following a guilty plea is part of the sentencing procedure and the defendant's further testimony is expected if not demanded), the prospect of self-incrimination is manifest. In those circumstances, incrimination is not complete until sentence is imposed. In the case before us, however, there was no basis for defendant to fear or expect a sentencing hearing at which proof would be taken or that he would be called upon to incriminate himself beyond what he admitted at the plea allocution. He certainly expressed no such concern to the court. His present arguments regarding self-incrimination are therefore highly theoretical and unavailing.
Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed.
Order affirmed.