Opinion
March 12, 1998
Appeal from the Supreme Court, New York County (Howard Bell, J.).
The court properly exercised its discretion in denying defendant's motion for a mistrial based upon the verbal exchange between defendant and the court in the presence of the jury, which was orchestrated by defendant's attempts to disrupt the trial ( see, People v. Mabre, 166 A.D.2d 339, 340, lv denied 77 N.Y.2d 879). The court removed the jurors from the courtroom as soon as practicable and gave prompt curative instructions, supplemented in its final charge to the jury, which instructions presumably were understood and followed ( see, People v. Davis, 58 N.Y.2d 1102). In light of the overwhelming evidence against defendant, there is no reasonable possibility that the exchange between defendant and the court had any effect on the verdict ( People v. Mabre, supra).
The court properly denied defendant's request for a missing witness charge. Defendant failed to make a prima facie showing of any of the requirements for such a charge ( see, People v. Gonzalez, 68 N.Y.2d 424).
During its charge on circumstantial evidence, the court marshalled the evidence fairly, and only to the extent necessary to explain the application of the law to the facts of the case ( see, People v. Parker, 163 A.D.2d 171, 173, lv denied 76 N.Y.2d 989). Further, the facts contained in the court's hypothetical illustrating the difference between direct and circumstantial evidence were not so similar to the facts of the instant case as to convey any view of the court regarding the evidence presented herein ( see, People v. Dougel, 210 A.D.2d 158, lv denied 84 N.Y.2d 1030).
Under the circumstances, the sentences imposed upon defendant as a result of his convictions for robbery in the second degree may not run consecutively to the sentences imposed for his convictions for robbery in the first degree (Penal Law § 70.25; People v. Perez, 174 A.D.2d 533, lv denied 78 N.Y.2d 1014), and we direct that all of the sentences imposed herein run concurrently. We reject the People's proposed alternate remedy for this conceded illegality.
Concur — Ellerin, J. P., Nardelli, Williams and Mazzarelli, JJ.