Opinion
209 KA 18-00462
08-26-2021
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Ye Min T. AUSTEN, Also Known as Ye Min Thet Austen, Defendant-Appellant.
JEFFREY WICKS, PLLC, ROCHESTER (JEFFREY WICKS OF COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT. SANDRA DOORLEY, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, ROCHESTER (KAYLAN PORTER OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.
JEFFREY WICKS, PLLC, ROCHESTER (JEFFREY WICKS OF COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
SANDRA DOORLEY, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, ROCHESTER (KAYLAN PORTER OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.
PRESENT: SMITH, J.P., NEMOYER, CURRAN, BANNISTER, AND DEJOSEPH, JJ.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is affirmed.
Memorandum: Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him, following a jury trial, of rape in the first degree ( Penal Law § 130.35 [4] ) and course of sexual conduct against a child in the first degree ( § 130.75 [1] [b] ). We reject defendant's contention that he was deprived of a fair trial by the prosecutor's failure to produce a video-recorded statement of the victim until one week prior to trial. Defendant does not dispute that the recording constitutes Rosario material. Under the discovery rules in effect at the time of defendant's trial, "[w]here, as here, [a] witness[ is] not called to testify at a pretrial hearing, Rosario material need not be disclosed until ‘[a]fter the jury has been sworn and before the prosecutor's opening address’ " ( Matter of Doorley v. Castro , 160 A.D.3d 1381, 1383, 76 N.Y.S.3d 313 [4th Dept. 2018], quoting CPL former 240.45 [1] [a]). Neither party requested that this Court consider the retroactivity of the new discovery statute now in effect.
Defendant contends that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to object at trial to alleged hearsay testimony from the investigating police officer. We reject that contention. Failure to "to make a motion or argument that has little or no chance of success" does not constitute ineffective assistance ( People v. Patterson , 115 A.D.3d 1174, 1175, 982 N.Y.S.2d 234 [4th Dept. 2014], lv denied 23 N.Y.3d 1066, 994 N.Y.S.2d 325, 18 N.E.3d 1146 [2014] [internal quotation marks omitted]) and, here, the officer's testimony about the victim's reports of sexual abuse was admissible " ‘for the relevant, nonhearsay purpose of explaining the investigative process and completing the narrative of events leading to ... defendant's arrest’ " ( People v. Ludwig , 24 N.Y.3d 221, 231, 997 N.Y.S.2d 351, 21 N.E.3d 1012 [2014] ). Likewise, we conclude that defense counsel's failure to object to the admission in evidence of text messages on hearsay grounds did not constitute ineffective assistance because, even assuming, arguendo, that the text messages constituted hearsay evidence, any error " ‘was at most a mistaken judgment as to trial strategy and cannot be characterized as ineffective assistance of counsel’ " ( People v. Simms , 244 A.D.2d 920, 921, 665 N.Y.S.2d 185 [4th Dept. 1997], lv denied 91 N.Y.2d 897, 669 N.Y.S.2d 12, 691 N.E.2d 1038 [1998] ).
We reject defendant's further contention that Supreme Court erred in denying his motion to preclude the People's expert witness from testifying regarding child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome (CSAAS). Such testimony is admissible "for the purpose of explaining behavior that might be puzzling to a jury" ( People v. Spicola , 16 N.Y.3d 441, 465, 922 N.Y.S.2d 846, 947 N.E.2d 620 [2011], cert denied 565 U.S. 942, 132 S.Ct. 400, 181 L.Ed.2d 257 [2011] ; see People v. Nicholson , 26 N.Y.3d 813, 828, 28 N.Y.S.3d 663, 48 N.E.3d 944 [2016] ; People v. Graham , 171 A.D.3d 1566, 1570, 99 N.Y.S.3d 562 [4th Dept. 2019], lv denied 33 N.Y.3d 1104, 106 N.Y.S.3d 689, 130 N.E.3d 1299 [2019]). Contrary to defendant's contention, the expert testimony did not exceed permissible bounds inasmuch as the expert spoke of the subject matter in general terms and expressly declined to provide an opinion regarding the victim's credibility or whether she was in fact a victim of sexual abuse (see People v. Lathrop , 171 A.D.3d 1473, 1473-1474, 99 N.Y.S.3d 152 [4th Dept. 2019], lv denied 33 N.Y.3d 1106, 106 N.Y.S.3d 668, 130 N.E.3d 1278 [2019] ). We reject defendant's contention that CSAAS is no longer generally accepted in the relevant scientific community. Although a small number of other state courts do not allow expert testimony on CSAAS (see e.g. State of New Jersey v. J.L.G. , 234 N.J. 265, 289, 303, 190 A.3d 442, 456, 464 [2018] ), the record here provides no basis for us to reach a similar conclusion (see Spicola , 16 N.Y.3d at 466, 922 N.Y.S.2d 846, 947 N.E.2d 620 ). We therefore conclude that the court did not abuse its discretion in permitting the expert testimony (see People v. Meir , 178 A.D.3d 1452, 1453, 112 N.Y.S.3d 645 [4th Dept. 2019], lv denied 35 N.Y.3d 972, 125 N.Y.S.3d 7, 148 N.E.3d 471 [2020] ).
All concur except Smith, J.P., who concurs in the result in the following memorandum:
I agree with the majority's determination to affirm the judgment of conviction, but I write to address an issue of law that the majority has not discussed. Defendant contends that Supreme Court erred in permitting the prosecution to provide certain Rosario materials one week before the start of the trial, and the majority concludes that the materials were properly provided "[u]nder the discovery rules in effect at the time of defendant's trial," without discussing whether we are to apply those rules (see CPL former 240.45 [1] [a]), or the amended discovery rules enacted in 2019 (see CPL 245.10 [1] [a] ; 245.20). I cannot agree that we may resolve this appeal without addressing that issue. Defendant summarily contends that the former discovery statute applies to this case, and the People implicitly concede that this is so. It is well settled that such a "concession does not, however, relieve us from the performance of our judicial function and does not require us to adopt the proposal urged upon us" ( People v. Berrios , 28 N.Y.2d 361, 366-367, 321 N.Y.S.2d 884, 270 N.E.2d 709 [1971] ; see People v. Colsrud , 144 A.D.3d 1639, 1640, 42 N.Y.S.3d 500 [4th Dept. 2016], lv denied 29 N.Y.3d 1030, 62 N.Y.S.3d 299, 84 N.E.3d 971 [2017] ; see also Matter of Knavel v. West Seneca Cent. Sch. Dist. , 149 A.D.3d 1614, 1616, 53 N.Y.S.3d 731 [4th Dept. 2017], lv dismissed 29 N.Y.3d 1116, 61 N.Y.S.3d 519, 83 N.E.3d 849 [2017] ), inasmuch as an appellate court is not bound by "the erroneous concession of a legal principle" ( People v. Diviesti , 101 A.D.3d 1163, 1164 n, 955 N.Y.S.2d 268 [3d Dept. 2012], lv denied 20 N.Y.3d 1097, 965 N.Y.S.2d 793, 988 N.E.2d 531 [2013] ). Indeed, where appropriate this Court has rejected incorrect concessions by the People (see e.g. People v. Morrison , 179 A.D.3d 1454, 1455, 114 N.Y.S.3d 917 [4th Dept. 2020], lv denied 35 N.Y.3d 972, 125 N.Y.S.3d 5, 148 N.E.3d 469 [2020] ; People v. Adair , 177 A.D.3d 1357, 1357, 114 N.Y.S.3d 543 [4th Dept. 2019], lv denied 34 N.Y.3d 1125, 118 N.Y.S.3d 503, 141 N.E.3d 459 [2020] ; People v. Wilson , 175 A.D.3d 1800, 1801, 109 N.Y.S.3d 530 [4th Dept. 2019] ). Thus, although appellate courts "have no quarrel with a litigant conceding an issue of fact ..., or conceding that a bill of particulars is sufficiently specific ..., or waiving a beneficial right ... [, t]hose types of concessions do not intrude upon the judicial function of correctly identifying and applying the law to the facts" ( Knavel , 149 A.D.3d at 1616, 53 N.Y.S.3d 731 ). Therefore here, as in any appeal, it is our judicial function to "correctly identify[ ] and apply[ ] the law to the facts" ( id. ). Upon performing that function, however, I conclude that the new discovery rules should not be applied retroactively, thus I join the majority in voting to affirm.
At the time of trial, CPL former 240.45 (1) (a) required that the People provide Rosario material "[a]fter the jury has been sworn and before the prosecutor's opening address" (id. ; see Matter of Doorley v. Castro , 160 A.D.3d 1381, 1383, 76 N.Y.S.3d 313 [4th Dept. 2018] ). The CPL was amended in 2019 so that such materials must be provided within 20 to 35 days of arraignment upon an indictment, depending on whether the defendant is in or out of custody (see CPL 245.10 [1] [a] ; see also 245.20). Pursuant to the enacting session law, the new discovery rules took effect January 1, 2020 (see L 2019, ch 59, part LLL, §§ 1, 2 14), or approximately 8½ months after the legislature enacted that law on April 12, 2019 (see id. ). Here, the record establishes that the recorded statement at issue was not provided until one week before the start of trial, and therefore, although it was timely provided within the meaning of CPL former article 240, it was not timely provided within the meaning of CPL article 245. In determining whether to apply a statutory amendment retroactively, the courts must ascertain whether that was what legislature intended, and inasmuch " ‘[a]s the clearest indicator of legislative intent is the statutory text, the starting point in any case of interpretation must always be the language itself, giving effect to the plain meaning thereof’ " ( Matter of Raynor v. Landmark Chrysler , 18 N.Y.3d 48, 56, 936 N.Y.S.2d 63, 959 N.E.2d 1011 [2011] ; see People v. M.E. , 121 A.D.3d 157, 160, 991 N.Y.S.2d 232 [4th Dept. 2014] ). Thus, " ‘[i]t is well settled ... that a statute will not be given a retroactive construction unless an intention to make it retroactive is to be deduced from its wording, and a law will not receive a retroactive construction unless its language, either expressly or by necessary implication, requires that it be so construed. A clear expression of the legislative purpose is required to justify a retrospective application’ " ( People v. Lawrence , 80 A.D.3d 1011, 1012, 915 N.Y.S.2d 699 [3d Dept. 2011] ; see e.g. People v. Stephenson , 34 A.D.3d 983, 983, 823 N.Y.S.2d 789 [3d Dept. 2006] ). In general, amendments to procedural statutes apply retroactively (see People v. Anderson , 306 A.D.2d 536, 536-537, 761 N.Y.S.2d 855 [2d Dept. 2003], lv denied 1 N.Y.3d 594, 776 N.Y.S.2d 226, 808 N.E.2d 362 [2004] ; see generally McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 1, Statutes § 55). Nevertheless, as noted in the comment to Statutes § 55, "[w]hat is really meant when it is said that procedural statutes are generally retroactive is that they apply to pending proceedings, and even with respect to such proceedings they only affect procedural steps taken after their enactment. In other words, while procedural changes are generally deemed applicable to subsequent proceedings in pending actions, it takes a clear expression of legislative intent to justify a retroactive application of a procedural statute so as to affect proceedings previously taken in such actions; and in the latter case, a change in procedure is inapplicable, unless in exceptional conditions, where the effect is to nullify by relation things already done in a pending proceeding" (McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 1, Statutes § 55, Comment at 117-118 [1971 ed]). Applying the newly enacted CPL 245.10 (1) (a) retroactively would nullify the procedures used in all cases prior to the enactment of the new discovery rules and in pending cases for a period of 8½ months between the enactment and the effective date, and therefore only the clearest indication of legislative intent will require such retroactive application. Additionally, because the legislature provided that the new discovery rules would not take effect until 8½ months after their enactment, that delay "is additional evidence that the provisions were meant to apply prospectively. ‘The postponement of the effective date of [the new discovery rules] furnishes critical and clear indicia of intent. If [they] were to have retroactive effect, there would have been no need for any postponement’ " of the new rule's effective date ( People v. Utsey , 7 N.Y.3d 398, 403-404, 822 N.Y.S.2d 475, 855 N.E.2d 791 [2006] ).
Furthermore, the CPL states that "[t]he provisions of this chapter do not impair or render ineffectual any proceedings or procedural matters which occurred prior to the effective date thereof" ( CPL 1.10 [3] ). Although that statute was part of the original enactment of the Criminal Procedure Law, it applies to amendments to the CPL (see People v. Bell , 161 A.D.2d 1137, 1138, 555 N.Y.S.2d 948 [4th Dept. 1990], lv denied 76 N.Y.2d 784, 559 N.Y.S.2d 989, 559 N.E.2d 683 [1990] ; see also People v. Battaglia , 159 A.D.2d 993, 993, 552 N.Y.S.2d 745 [4th Dept. 1990], lv denied 76 N.Y.2d 852, 560 N.Y.S.2d 992, 561 N.E.2d 892 [1990] ).
In addition, in determining whether to apply an amendment retroactively, " ‘[t]he criteria guiding resolution of the question implicate (a) the purpose to be served by the new standards, (b) the extent of the reliance by law enforcement authorities on the old standards, and (c) the effect on the administration of justice of a retroactive application of the new standards’ " ( People v. Morales , 37 N.Y.2d 262, 269, 372 N.Y.S.2d 25, 333 N.E.2d 339 [1975], quoting Desist v. United States , 394 U.S. 244, 249, 89 S.Ct. 1048, 22 L.Ed.2d 248 [1969] ). Applying that test, I note that the People relied in innumerable cases on the old discovery rule in determining when to turn over Rosario material. Thus, it will severely impact the criminal justice system if we apply the statute retroactively because, in every case in which Rosario materials were requested, the People, relying on the existing law, did not turn over the materials until the start of trial. There is no indication that the legislature intended that result, and every indication that it intended that the new rule apply only prospectively. Thus, I join the majority in applying the former discovery rule and in voting to affirm.