Opinion
Docket No. 1267.
December 18, 1925.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Santa Clara County. J.R. Welch, Judge. Reversed.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the court.
E.D. Crawford and Randall O'Neill for Appellant.
U.S. Webb, Attorney-General, C.C. Coolidge, District Attorney, and J.P. Fitzgerald, Deputy District Attorney, for Respondent.
Appellant was charged in the superior court in and for the county of Santa Clara with the crime of murder, was convicted of manslaughter, and from the judgment and order denying a new trial has appealed, urging as grounds for reversal that the evidence was insufficient to justify the verdict, that the conduct of the court and the prosecuting attorney was prejudicial to the substantial rights of the appellant, and assigns as error rulings of the court in admitting and rejecting evidence and in giving and refusing to give instructions.
Appellant, with his wife, Carrie Attema, was, on November 8, 1924 — the date of the commission of the crime charged — residing in the city of Gilroy. On that day the funeral of their minor child took place, and among those in attendance were Patty Sheridan — with the murder of whom appellant was charged — and Terry Sheridan, his brother. After the funeral appellant and his wife returned to their home, being followed shortly thereafter by the Sheridan brothers, both of whom were, according to the evidence, under the influence of intoxicants. While all were gathered in the kitchen of the dwelling, a dispute arose between appellant and the deceased, the subject of which and the exact position and movements of the parties present are questions on which the evidence is conflicting. The surviving eye-witnesses of the affair agree that following the dispute appellant ordered the deceased and his brother to leave the dwelling, which they refused to do, whereupon appellant went to an adjoining room, the floor of which was several inches higher than the kitchen, being reached by a step from the latter, and reappeared at the door between with a revolver in his hand and repeated the order to leave. A struggle for the possession of the revolver followed in which the deceased and his brother participated. Either immediately before or during the scuffle the revolver was discharged, inflicting injuries upon deceased from which he died during the evening of the same day.
The only witness for the prosecution who was present at the time of the infliction of the injuries was Terry Sheridan, whose testimony was marked by many uncertainties, attributed by appellant to an incapacity to receive at the time correct impressions of the facts as they occurred and which, he contends, were of such a character as to destroy as a matter of law the credibility of the witness. The latter admitted the fact of his intoxication on the occasion mentioned, but gave in the main a coherent account of the events as he remembered them. While he could not recall the subject of the dispute, he testified to the fact of its occurrence, the orders by the appellant that the witness and the deceased leave the dwelling, their failure to obey, followed by appellant's act in procuring the revolver, that the weapon was discharged from the doorway mentioned while the deceased was standing within the kitchen, a distance of two or three feet from appellant, but making no aggressive movement toward the latter, and that the struggle for the possession of the weapon occurred after its discharge. With the above exceptions he was unable to recall the position or movements of those present immediately before or after the shot was fired, nor with certainty the place where the struggle occurred, whether in the kitchen or the room adjoining.
It is contended in connection with the testimony of this witness that the course of the bullet as described by the physician who performed the autopsy shows conclusively that the revolver was discharged during the struggle for its possession, the discharge, according to the testimony of appellant and his wife, following an attack by the deceased, thus refuting the testimony of the witness Sheridan and corroborating that of the defendant. According to the physician the bullet entered the body of the deceased to the right of and below the navel, its course being downward and in the direction of the median line. This testimony, however, is not inconsistent with that of the witness Sheridan, who did not testify that the deceased was facing appellant directly at the time of the shot, and does reasonably support the conclusion that appellant was then standing in the doorway mentioned some inches above the position of the deceased.
[1] We cannot say that the circumstances related by the witness were improbable, or that his inability to remember the subject of the dispute or in detail the position or movements of all the parties present indicated a degree of intoxication rendering him incapable of receiving correct impressions of the facts or an intention to mislead by falsely stating his recollection thereof. The evidence of his mental condition at the time was such that the jury might reasonably conclude that the witness was not incapacitated in the particulars mentioned, and the weight to be given to his testimony was a question for their determination ( People v. Willard, 150 Cal. 543, 553 [ 89 P. 124]; People v. Niins, 183 Cal. 126 [ 190 P. 626]).
[2] Certain statements by the injured man made shortly after the occurrence, as testified by Neyens, a witness for the prosecution, were admitted in evidence as the dying declaration of the former. It is urged by appellant that this testimony was incompetent, in that the statements related were not of material facts concerning the cause and circumstances of the homicide, or made under the belief of impending death. While the statements referred to certain facts connected with the subject of the dispute which were not strictly a part of the res gestae, and which might, upon specific objection or motion, have been rejected ( People v. Farmer, 77 Cal. 1 [18 P. 800]; People v. Macfarlane, 138 Cal. 481 [61 L.R.A. 245, 71 P. 568, 72 P. 48]; Estate of Huston, 163 Cal. 166 [ 124 P. 852]), the declaration made, as testified by the witness, contained the material facts concerning the dispute, with the circumstances leading to the infliction of the fatal wound, which, taken in connection with expressions of his belief that he could not recover, were sufficient to justify the admission of the statements in evidence ( People v. Yokum, 118 Cal. 437 [50 P. 686]; People v. Lee Sare Bo, 72 Cal. 623 [14 P. 310]; People v. Lem Deo, 132 Cal. 199 [ 64 P. 265]).
[3] During the course of the examination of the jurors as to their qualifications the court admonished counsel in the case against the undue prolongation thereof, assuring them, however, that all the time necessary would be allowed; and thereafter during such examination, upon objection by appellant to the correctness of a statement by the prosecuting attorney of the rule as to the burden of proof in homicide cases, instructed the jury as to such rule as follows: "I am telling you in advance that in a murder case, when the prosecution has proved the homicide beyond a reasonable doubt and to a moral certainty to your minds, then the burden shifts to the defendant to show, if his defense is self-defense, the burden shifts to him to show the self-defense," — the admonition as to the restriction of the examination and the instruction being assigned as errors.
The remarks of the court in the first instance contained nothing which can reasonably be said to have prejudiced appellant or his counsel in the minds of the jury, nor did the court thereby unduly restrict the examination.
[4] The instruction, being but a partial statement of the rule as to the burden of proof in homicide cases (Pen. Code, sec. 1105), would, standing alone, in view of the inference which might reasonably have been drawn from the proof offered by the prosecution supporting the conclusion that the crime of manslaughter, without the qualifying words of the section, have been prejudicially erroneous ( People v. Elliott, 80 Cal. 296 [22 P. 207]), had not the court in its instructions at the conclusion of the trial stated the rule fully and correctly in the language of the section.
[5] In determining the propriety of an instruction the entire charge must be considered, and if as a whole it correctly states the law it is free from error, notwithstanding that selected passages therefrom may state a proposition without at the same time setting forth the exceptions or qualifications to which it is subject in its application to the particular case ( People v. Dell Cerro, 9 Cal.App. 764 [ 100 P. 887]; People v. Warren, 130 Cal. 678 [ 63 P. 87]; People v. Besold, 154 Cal. 363 [ 97 P. 871]).
[6] Objection by the prosecution to the testimony of the witness Butrone that the deceased, approximately fifteen minutes before the declaration admitted in evidence as his dying declaration, made certain statements to the witness tending to contradict the facts stated in the subsequent declaration mentioned, and to show that the latter was not made under a sense of impending death, was sustained. Upon the witness being recalled the testimony was admitted without objection. While this evidence was admissible in the first instance ( People v. Lawrence, 21 Cal. 368), the error was cured by its subsequent admission ( People v. Woody, 48 Cal. 80; People v. Ross, 115 Cal. 233 [46 P. 1059]).
[7] The wife of appellant was sworn as a witness for the defense. It appears from the record that an effort was made to conduct her examination in the English language, which she understood imperfectly and in which she expressed herself with difficulty, finally making necessary the employment of an interpreter. In the course of her direct examination and before the interpreter was sworn, counsel for appellant in his efforts to elicit answers to questions which the witness seemed not to understand, asked a question which in form was leading and to which an objection upon that ground was sustained; whereupon the prosecuting attorney interjected the remark "It is unfortunate for them to have to manufacture a story here." Appellant's counsel immediately objected to the remark and, without expressly assigning it as misconduct, requested the court to admonish the attorney and to instruct the jury to disregard the remark, which request the court granted.
The foundation for appellant's complaint of the conduct mentioned was by the objection and request sufficiently laid, and it remains to be considered whether such conduct was prejudicial. The testimony as to the circumstances of the shooting was sharply conflicting, and had the version of appellant and his wife been accepted by the jury the trial might fairly have resulted in an acquittal. The statement tended to discredit the only witness for the appellant who was present at the homicide, and whose testimony in corroboration of that given by the accused might reasonably, other things being equal, have been sufficient to convince the jury that the shot was fired in self-defense, or to create in their minds the reasonable doubt which would have necessitated a verdict in his favor. The remark was of a character and made under such circumstances as to fairly support the contention that its effect was not only prejudicially harmful, but was one not removed by its retraction or the instructions of the court ( People v. Frank, 71 Cal.App. 575 [ 236 P. 189]; People v. Derwae, 155 Cal. 592 [ 102 P. 266]; People v. Caldwell, 55 Cal.App. 280 [ 203 P. 440]; Smith v. Rothschild Co., 13 Ga. App. 293 [79 S.E. 88]).
[8] Appellant contends that he was in other respects prejudiced by the conduct of the attorneys for the prosecution. During the argument by the latter, in referring to appellant, it was said: "A crime is committed; the officers go out and arrest the man just as they did in this case; they take him to jail; he is brought before a committing magistrate upon a complaint, and the magistrate passes upon whether or not a crime has been committed, and whether or not there is sufficient evidence to believe that the defendant charged is guilty, and if there is he holds that defendant to answer before the Superior Court for trial." Appellant excepted thereto, pointing out that the foregoing was not a statement of the evidence, and requested the court to so instruct the jury, the prosecuting attorney stating in reply, "The pleadings are in the case, and that is a part of the pleadings." The court not having instructed the jury as requested, appellant at the close of the trial offered an instruction in effect that the fact that the defendant had been arrested and charged with an offense and that an information had been filed could not be considered as evidence and created no presumption against him. This instruction was refused.
The only apparent purpose of the statement was to suggest that the jury might properly infer from the determination of the committing magistrate and the preliminary proceedings described that a crime had been committed of which appellant was guilty.
The only case called to our attention wherein the effect of the refusal of such an instruction has been considered is that of People v. Delucchi, 17 Cal.App. 96 [ 118 P. 935], in which it appeared that the proposed instruction was in substance included in others given at the trial, the court, by fair implication from its opinion, holding such an instruction to be proper.
[9] In cases where, as here, close questions of fact are to be determined on which the evidence is sharply conflicting, suggestions that matters without the record should be considered by the jury may reasonably be said to have had a prejudicial effect, which could only be removed by an instruction of the court which, in the instant case, was not given.
[10] The attorneys for the prosecution in their argument illustrated before the jury their contention that the course taken by the bullet after striking the body of deceased proved that the shot was fired while the deceased was standing in the position described by the witness Sheridan, by placing themselves in certain positions before the jury, one pointing the revolver at an angle toward the body of the other. Appellant objected to the illustration, and requested an instruction that the jury disregard the argument. The court overruled the objection, refusing the instruction. Appellant urges that the methods of the prosecution constituted prejudicial misconduct, and that the court erred in its ruling in that connection.
Whether the method of argument described should be used is a question within the sound discretion of the court ( People v. Simons, 78 Kan. 852 [98 P. 277]; State v. Williams, 168 N.C. 191 [ 83 S.E. 714]; 16 Cor. Jur. 894). Unlike the object used in People v. Durrant, 116 Cal. 179, 221 [48 P. 75], for the same purpose, the revolver was here in evidence, and the use of the body of the assistant district attorney as a figure in the illustration cannot reasonably be said to have misled the jury. We perceive nothing prejudicial therein in view of the evidence in the case and cannot say that the court abused its discretion in permitting it.
[11] As stated above, the court instructed the jury as to the burden of proof in trials for murder in the language of section 1105 of the Penal Code, adding that if the prosecution in its direct case established the killing of the deceased by the defendant, and the proof tended to show that the defendant was guilty of murder either of the first or second degrees, then the burden of proving that he took the life of the deceased in self-defense devolved upon him; further stating that the proof might shift back to the People if the testimony of the defendant — if he should establish that he had done the killing in self-defense.
Appellant urges that the foregoing incorrectly stated the law in that it is not incumbent upon the defendant in such cases to prove or establish the defense, but only to produce such evidence as will create in the minds of the jury a reasonable doubt of his guilt of the offense charged ( People v. Roe, 189 Cal. 548, 564 [ 209 P. 560]). The court, however, fully instructed as to reasonable doubt, the presumption of innocence and that every fact and circumstance essential to establish guilt must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt exclusive of every reasonable hypothesis consistent with innocence. These instructions fully covered the point urged by appellant, and have been held to be sufficient ( People v. Anderson, 105 Cal. 32, 34 [38 P. 513]; People v. Hawes, 98 Cal. 648, 653 [33 P. 791]; People v. McClure, 148 Cal. 418 [ 83 P. 437]; People v. Hopper, 42 Cal.App. 505 [ 183 P. 836]; People v. Bannon, 59 Cal.App. 50 [ 209 P. 1029]).
[12] Instructions proposed by appellant and refused, stating the rule as to the right of one to maintain by force the possession of his own premises against aggression, and that he is not bound to retreat therefrom to avoid the aggressor, while proper, were substantially given by the court in its instructions to the jury, the latter covering every material portion of those proposed.
[13] The court instructed as follows with reference to the statements of the deceased admitted in evidence as his dying declaration: "You may likewise take into consideration the evidence concerning the declaration, the dying declaration of the deceased; and you may take into consideration in contradiction of that dying declaration and what effect it has and what was the meaning of it." Appellant in this connection offered instructions correctly stating that whether statements admitted as a dying declaration were in fact made under a sense of impending death, or entitled to credit and weight, were questions for the jury ( People v. Singh, 182 Cal. 457, 476 [ 188 P. 987]; People v. Thomson, 145 Cal. 717, 723 [ 79 P. 435]), and that such declaration might be impeached by evidence of other statements of the deceased inconsistent therewith ( People v. Lawrence, 21 Cal. 368, 372; People v. Amaya, 134 Cal. 531, 538 [ 66 P. 794]). The testimony was such that from the declaration itself, together with the circumstances under which it was made, the jury might reasonably have inferred that the declarant was not under a sense of impending death, or that his statement was not entitled to full weight and credit.
The court's instruction assumed that the statement was a dying declaration, and did not clearly advise the jury as to their power to determine the fact and the weight and credit to be given it, instructions as to which appellant was entitled.
Requested instructions by appellant, first, that if the jury found that the revolver was accidentally discharged by him such fact should not be considered in determining his intent or motive or on the issue of self-defense; and, second, the fact being found, that he should be acquitted, were refused.
[14] While appellant was entitled on the theory of accident to have the question considered by the jury ( People v. Hubbard, 64 Cal.App. 27, 32 [ 220 P. 315]), as there stated, the mere fact that the shooting was accidental would not necessarily exculpate him ( People v. Searle, 33 Cal.App. 228 [164 P. 819]; People v. Sidwell, 29 Cal.App. 12 [ 154 P. 290]; People v. Seiler, 57 Cal.App. 195 [ 207 P. 396]), the homicide not being excusable though caused by the accidental discharge of the pistol while in his possession if such discharge occurred in the course of his attempt to accomplish a felonious purpose. The second proposed instruction was, therefore, properly refused. ( Wheatley v. State (Tex. Cr.), 39 S.W. 672; State v. Benham, 23 Iowa, 154 [92 Am. Dec. 417]; Hollywood v. State, 19 Wyo. 493 [Ann. Cas. 1913E, 218, 120 P. 471, 122 P. 588]; Sanders v. State, 16 Ala. App. 511 [ 79 So. 504] ; Ford v. State, 71 Neb. 1042 [115 Am. St. Rep. 591, 98 N.W. 807].) [15] Though the fact of the possession of the weapon was relevant in connection with the other evidence in the case in determining the question of intent to kill, the fact of its accidental discharge was without relevancy on the issues mentioned; and in this connection the first proposed instruction might properly have been given. The latter fact, however, if found, was one requiring no special direction by the court as to its proper consideration by the jury; and we cannot reasonably assume that it was applied to the issues mentioned or that the refusal of the instruction was prejudicially erroneous.
Other rulings and instructions given or refused are urged as grounds for reversal, all of which we have considered, and conclude without discussion here that the rulings were correct, that the instructions complained of state the law and that those refused were fully covered by those given.
[16] It remains to be considered whether the errors and conduct heretofore discussed were of such character and effect as to require the reversal of the judgment, it being the rule that the mere fact of error or misconduct does not make out a prima facie case for reversal which must be overcome by a showing that no injury could have resulted ( People v. O'Bryan, 165 Cal. 55 [ 130 P. 1042]), but such injury must appear affirmatively after an examination of the entire cause, including the evidence, or from the nature of the error itself ( People v. Mazzurco, 49 Cal.App. 275 [ 193 P. 164]; People v. Chapman, 55 Cal.App. 192 [ 203 P. 126]).
In the instant case, as stated, the evidence was sharply conflicting as to the acts of the participants immediately preceding the discharge of the weapon, the questions of fact to be decided being close and difficult, and with weight and credit given to the testimony for the defense unaffected by remark or argument not finding support in the evidence, might fairly have led to an acquittal; or as against such testimony, had the jury been instructed as to their power to determine whether the statements of the deceased received in evidence constituted his dying declaration, and, if so found, the weight and credit to be given thereto, the same verdict might reasonably have been the result. [17] After a careful examination of the entire cause, including the evidence, we are of the opinion that the conduct hereinbefore considered, with the refusal of the instructions mentioned, did as a reasonable probability have a determinative effect upon the jury in arriving at their verdict and resulted, the whole case considered, in a miscarriage of justice.
The judgment is reversed.
Tyler, P.J., and Knight, J., concurred.
A petition by respondent to have the cause heard in the supreme court, after judgment in the district court of appeal, was denied by the supreme court on February 15, 1926.